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Emigration from Colombia

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Emigration from Colombia is a migratory phenomenon that started in the early 20th century.[citation needed]

Overview

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Immigration from Colombia was determined mostly by security issues linked mainly to the Colombian armed conflict. From 1980 to 2000, emigration from Colombia was one of the largest in volume in Hispanic America. According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombian citizens currently permanently reside outside of Colombia.[1][2] Other estimates, however, suggest that the actual number could exceed 4 million, or almost 7,6 percent of the country's population.[3] Approximately 1.2 million Colombians are believed to have left the country during 2000–5 and not returned.[3]

Colombian migration after 2000, has also been characterized by extreme political violence [4]and economic instability [5]. Between 2002-2012, the political violence began to wane and the economy stabilized, but immigration to the United States still surged for a few more years in the aftermath. In that time (2002-2012) 61 percent (280,000) of persons granted LPR admission to the United States where those from Colombia[6].

In 2005, the population movement towards North America and Europe in particular has been motivated in some cases by the threat of violence but more typically by the search for greater economic opportunity.[3] Due to the current sociopolitical situation in Colombia, emigration affects Colombians of all social standings and geographic zones. The highest rates of emigration have been registered in the main urban centers of the interior zone of the country: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Bucaramanga, Pereira, Manizales, and Cúcuta.[citation needed]

Between January 2019 and July 2023, a total of 1,300,353 people left Colombia, according to The City Paper Bogotá.[7] There was another recent surge in emigration in 2020, with 2 major factors driving and contributing to the influx. The first being the pandemic once more crippling the economy,[8] causing an increase in political violence again. Second being a high rate of Venezuelans immigrating to Colombia which compounded the issue of unemployment .[9] The Venezuelans were mostly migrating due to the instability (economic and political) within Venezuela which was driven by hyperinflation and violence.[10] In January 2025 some sources put the number of Colombians that have left the country in the last 30 months at more than two million people. Since 2018, the number of people leaving Colombia has steadily increased.[11]

Destinations

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Colombians in Spain.

Until 2002, external migration was primarily to the United States, Venezuela, Spain and Ecuador.[12] As of 2003, the estimated Colombian population in those countries was 2,020,000, 1,340,000, 240,000, and 193,000, respectively.[12] Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom also have significant (>20,000) populations of Colombian emigrants.[12] In 2003, North America was the destination for 48 percent of Colombian emigrants; Hispanic America and the Caribbean, 40 percent; Europe, 11 percent; and Asia, Oceania, and Africa, 1 percent.[3]

The Colombian diaspora refers to the mass movement of Colombian people who emigrated from the country in search of safety, better quality of life and/or get away from government corruption. Many of those who moved were educated middle and upper middle-class Colombians; because of this, the Colombian diaspora can be referred to as a brain drain. Colombian officials state that this movement peaked in the year 2000 and that the most popular destinations for emigration include North America and Europe. In Europe, Spain has the largest Colombian community on the continent, followed by Italy and the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Many Colombians are also dispersed throughout the rest of Hispanic America. Mexico, Costa Rica, Peru and Chile received political refugees in the mid-to-late 20th century, and Colombian guest workers in the early 2000s. The Colombian diaspora can also refer to the large wave of Colombian artists who migrated seeking better opportunities and new, more lucrative markets.

Colombian restaurants and bakeries are important institutions for the Colombian diaspora. These eateries have popularized formerly regional dishes like the well-portioned Bandeja paisa, Ajiaco among Colombians from all parts of the country.

Top Colombian diaspora populations

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Regions with significant populations

Country Population Rank Population[13] Rank Notes
United States 2,458,468[14] 1 753,847 2 For further information see Colombian Americans
Venezuela 721,791[15] 2 988,483 1
Spain 513,583[16] 3 350,802 3 Largest community outside the Americas. See Colombians in Spain
Mexico 36,234[17] 4 36,234 4 For further information see Colombian Mexicans
Chile 146,582[18] 5 24,427 9
Canada 96,325[19] 6 70,405 5 For further information see Colombian Canadians
Panama 41,885[20] 7 57,051 6
Ecuador 77,426[21] 8 200,539 4
Italy 40,000[22] 9 40,000[22] 8
Australia 35,033[23] 10 16,247 14 For further information see Colombian Australians
Argentina 13,876 12 8,963 18 For further information see Colombian Argentines
France 100,000[24][25] 13
Sweden 14,055[26] 14 14,055 12 Second largest Latin American community after Chileans.[page needed]
United Kingdom 12,331[27] 15 22,703 10 Second largest South American community after Brazilians. See Colombians in the United Kingdom
Costa Rica 11,500 16 21,400 12
Vietnam 7,275[28] 17
Israel 3,127[29] 18 2,693 25
 Netherlands 19 15,455 15
 Switzerland 12,394 16
 Brazil 8,395 19
 Norway 6,131 20
 Peru 6,086 21
 Denmark 3,750 22
 Dominican Republic 3,687 23
 Bolivia 3,085 24
 Guinea 2,548 26
Japan 2,471[30] 27
 Haiti 1,758 28
 Austria 1,728 29
 Belgium 1,629 30
 Finland 1,286 31
 New Zealand 1,228 32
 Guatemala 1,202 33
 South Africa 979 34
 Honduras 876 35
 Portugal 655 36
 El Salvador 580 37
 Poland 18,000[31] 38
 Nicaragua 456 39
 Greece 391 40
 Hungary 238 41
 Russia 206 42
 Bahamas 201 43
 Iceland 191 44
 Czech Republic 165 45
 Cuba 146 46
 Cyprus 133 47
 Philippines 128 48
 Romania 110 49
 Estonia 85[32] 50
 Slovakia 56 51
 Turkey 54 52
 Egypt 54 53
 Bulgaria 49 54
 Slovenia 43 55
 Croatia 43 56
 Latvia 30[33] 57
 Jordan 24 58
 North Macedonia 6 59

Social and economic impact

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Colombian bar in La Coruña, Galicia, (Spain).

Colombians living abroad—1.5 million of whom departed during the economic downturn between 1996 and 2002—have had a positive effect on the balance of payments thanks to remittances to family and friends at home.[3] According to Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, the value of remittances from Colombians living abroad is ranked third as the main source of foreign money in Colombia and has already surpassed the value of coffee exports.[citation needed]

But external migration to the United States or Europe has represented a definite loss of talent and energy because migrants to the developed world tend to be better educated and in the prime of working life.[3] Some estimates would have roughly half the physicians trained in Colombia during certain years, at great expense to fellow Colombian taxpayers, now working in the United States.[3] Then, too, there are communities (as in Mexico, for example) that have been so drained of young workers that they find themselves dependent on the flow of remittances.[3] Several municipalities in the vicinity of Pereira in western Colombia, hard hit by troubles in the coffee industry and the competition of cheap Asian labor in garment exporting, exemplify the latter phenomenon.[3]

Human trafficking

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The Colombian government has developed prevention programs against illegal groups that offer emigration help to unsuspecting people, many of whom are eventually forced into slavery, forced prostitution and human trafficking in foreign countries.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Yahoo forma parte de la familia de marcas de Yahoo". Yahoo forma parte de la familia de marcas de Yahoo (in Spanish). 17 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE)". www.dane.gov.co.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bushnell, David and Rex A. Hudson. "Emigration". In Colombia: A Country Study (Rex A. Hudson, ed.), pp. 98–99. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (2010). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ Vidal, R., Mcgrath, I., Bump, M., Mosquera, M., & Aparicio, L. (2012). “Migration and Violence: Lessons from Colombia for the Americas” A workshop of the Transatlantic Forum on Migration and Integration (TFMI). https://refugeeresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RelatoriaEventoBogota-Ingles-7.pdf
  5. ^ Globalize. (2024, April 15). Colombia and the IMF: Policies that Worsen Problems. CADTM. https://www.cadtm.org/Colombia-and-the-IMF-Policies-that
  6. ^ The Colombian Diaspora in the United States. (2015). In Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-ColombiaII.pdf
  7. ^ Emblin, Richard (4 June 2024). "Colombians are emigrating in record numbers, some 1,200 every day". The City Paper Bogotá. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  8. ^ Morales, L. F., Bonilla-Mejía, L., Pulido, J., Flórez, L. A., Hermida, D., Pulido-Mahecha, K. L., & Lasso-Valderrama, F. (2022). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian labour market: Disentangling the effect of sector-specific mobility restrictions. The Canadian journal of economics. Revue canadienne d'economique, 55(Suppl 1), 308–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12549
  9. ^ International Crisis Group. (2022). A Mass Exodus and a Hard Landing. In Hard Times in a Safe Haven: Protecting Venezuelan Migrants in Colombia (p. Page 4-Page 10). International Crisis Group. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.neu.edu/stable/resrep42470.5
  10. ^ CHANDAK, S. (2020). Tackling Venezuela’s Hyperinflation. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 24(2), 120–127. https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.neu.edu/stable/48629028
  11. ^ Batalova, Jeanne; Chaves-González, Diego (10 July 2023). "Colombian Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  12. ^ a b c "Migration Information Source". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Colombia – Emigrantes totales 2017". datosmacro.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  14. ^ "American FactFinder – Results". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  15. ^ INE (2011). "Población nacida en el exterior, por año llegada a Venezuela, según pais de nacimiento, Censo 2011" (PDF). Ine.gob.ve (in Spanish).
  16. ^ Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año Instituto Nacional de Estadística
  17. ^ Tabla Población de connacionales en el exterior por país: México (in Spanish)
  18. ^ Los extranjeros en Chile suman 1.251.225 personas y en su mayoría son venezolanos, peruanos, haitianos y colombianos, theclinic.cl, 10 April 2019
  19. ^ Statistics Canada (2016). "Data tables, 2016 Census – Immigration and ethnocultural diversity". 12.statcan.gc.ca.
  20. ^ "Cuadro 7: Población nacida en el extranjero en la República, por grupos de edad, según sexo y país de nacimiento. INEC Panamá".
  21. ^ Refugiados, Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los. "ACNUR – Página no encontrada". UNHCR.
  22. ^ a b "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". migrationpolicy.org. 10 February 2014.
  23. ^ "2021 People in Australia who were born in Colombia, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  24. ^ "La communauté colombienne en France". lepetitjournal.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  25. ^ Collazos, Anne Gincel (January 2010). "LOS COLOMBIANOS EN FRANCIA: UNA MIGRACIÓN PENDULARIA DEL "ENTRE DOS"". Análisis Político (in Spanish). 23 (68): 62–78. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  26. ^ "Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år". www.scb.se. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Country of Birth Database" (XLS). Oecd.org. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  28. ^ Data Basical Immigrants. "Immigration to Vietnam". databasicalimmigrants.weebly.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  29. ^ IMMIGRANTS(1), BY PERIOD OF IMMIGRATION, COUNTRY OF BIRTH AND LAST COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE Archived 15 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Statistical Abstract of Israel 2008
  30. ^ 在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）統計表 法務省
  31. ^ "Statystyki: Polska: Mapa". Migracje.gov.pl (in Polish).
  32. ^ Statistics Estonia. "RL21421: POPULATION BY CITIZENSHIP, SEX AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT REGION), 31 DECEMBER 2021". Statistical database.
  33. ^ "Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības". Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde (in Latvian). Retrieved 29 November 2024.