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Georgian slang

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Georgian slang (Georgian: ქართული ჟარგონი, romanized: kartuli zhargoni)[a] is the colloquial terminology of Georgian, a Kartvelian language that is an official language of Georgia.[3] One of the first to document Georgian slang was a lexicographer and diplomat under King Vakhtang VI, Prince Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani.[4]

Georgian also has a variety of highly inflammatory and vulgar slurs, that develops into Georgian profanity.[5] With the rapid development of technology,[6] Georgian is also actively utilizing the terms from the internet slang, predominantly the Anglicisms,[7][b] through Georgianizing them with its own complex rules of conjugation and suffixes.[9] Some Georgian lexicographers and scholars highly criticize[c] the increasing slang takeover, proposing to ban it, while others maintain it is a global[12] phenomenon for any language and probably irreversible.[13]

Phrases

[edit]

For exact and comprehensive pronunciation of words and phrases, especially ones written with the apostrophes, the rules of romanization of Georgian and IPA are essential.

A

[edit]
აუ
au - oh dear.[14]
აადგა
aadga - used to describe a situation when a person visits another party without an invitation, possibly with a dangerous intent.[15]
აბამს
abams - used to describe a person who tries to flirt, pick up or seduce a girl.[15]
აბიჟნიკი
abizhnik'i - a person who hurts and disrespects a person in purpose but with no actual reason. The term is derived from Russian[d] obizhat (обижать).[17]
აბირჟავებს
abirzhavebs - a person who is simply hanging out and killing time in his neighborhood or area of residence.[17]
აბოლებს
abolebs - used to describe a situation when a person is actively trying to lie to someone about something.[17]
აბრახუნებს
abrakhunebs - used to describe a situation when a person is actively telling silly things to someone about something. Term literally means "hitting something loudly".[17]
ავარდა
avarda - used to describe a moment when a person was deceived and lied to or easily provoked over something.[18]
აზრზეა
azrzea - used to describe a person who is well aware of things in life, is smart and that won't be deceived easily.[19]
აზრზე მოსული
azrze mosuli - used to describe a person who is well aware of things in life, is smart and that won't be deceived easily.[19]
ათიანში
atianshi - used to describe a moment when a person guesses something and gets right on point. Term literally means "you got right in 10".[19]
აიასნებს
aiasnebs - used to describe a situation when a person tries to settle and debate a dispute with a conflicting party. The term is derived from Russian yasni (ясный).[20][21]
აკიმარებს
ak'imarebs - used to describe a person who is sleepy.[20]
აკრეფილია
ak'repilia - used to descirbe a person who is angry.[20]
ამარიაჟებს
amariazhebs - used to describe a person who is actively peacocking, signaling and flexing stuff; wants to stand out.[20]
აპინა
ap'ina - used to describe a moment when a person pinned something on the internet.[21]
აჟრიალებს
azhrialebs - used to describe a person who is crazy. The term literally means "a person who is shaking".[22]
არ არსებობს
ar arsebobs - means "oh no way"; describing something impressive and unbelievable. The term literally means "it does not exist".[22]
ასიანი
asiani - used to describe a person who is right on point; who is right and correct. The term means "a person of 100", as a word asi means 100.[23]
ასი წელი
asi ts'eli - never; The term literally means "100 years".[23]
ასწია
asts'ia - used to describe a situation when a person steals something. The term literally means to "pick up something".[24]
ასწორებს
asts'orebs - used to describe a situation when something cool, fun and extraordinary is happening; good vibe. The term literally means "something is making this right".[24]
ატმასკა
at'mask'a - a support one may receive in a quarrel or a fight.[25]
აფრენს
aprens - used to describe a person who likes something or someone intensely. The term literally means "a person who makes it fly".[26]
აფანატებს
apanat'ebs - used to describe a person who likes something or someone intensely. The term literally means "a person who makes it to be a fan".[26]
აფუილებს
apuilebs - used to describe a situation when a person is smoking a cigarette.[26]
აუხტა
aukht'a - to argue with someone or debate in an aggressive manner.[26]
აურია
auria - to cause a disturbance and make a scene.[26]
აუდო
audo - to run away cowardly; to flee.[26]
აუცვა
autsva - to run away cowardly; to flee.[26]
აითესა
aitesa - to run away cowardly; to flee.[26]
ააგდო
aagdo - to get a woman or an item with deception or manipulation.[26]
აჭამა
ach'ama - to lie and deceive someone. The term literally means "to feed someone with something".[27]
ახეხინეს
akhekhines - to get a long sentence in prison. The term literally means "one who was forced to clean something".[27]
ახვარი
akhvari - a sly, dangerous and despicable person with no moral compass.[27]
ახვევს
akhvevs - used to describe a person who tries to flirt, pick up or seduce a girl.[27]

B

[edit]
ბანძი
bandzi - a person who is considered a loser or an item that is cheap and of low quality.[28]
ბაითი
baiti - a cosy and comfortable apartment. The term is derived from Hebrew bayt.[28][29]
ბაზარი
bazari - a loud conversation. The term is derived from word bazaar.[30]
ბაზარი არაა
bazari araa - when agreeing on something in a confirming manner; yes; absolutely. The term literally means "there is no bazaar".[30]
ბათქი
batki - a hard hit or kick.[30]
ბარო
baro - hi; hey; hello. The term is more used in Tbilisi and is probably derived from Armenian barev (բարև).[31]
ბიტი
bit'i - an experienced and streetsmart person. The term is derived from Russian bityi (битый).[32]
ბიძა
bidza - a powerful older man with connections and means. The term literally means an "uncle".[32]
ბლატი
blat'i - connections and privilege through a powerful social circle. The term is derived from Russian mafia verbiage, po blatu (по блату).[32]
ბლატნოი
blat'noi - an arrogant and cocky person; one that has blat'i.[32]
ბლიყვი
bliq'vi - silly, stupid person.[32]
ბოთე
bote - silly; stupid.[33]
ბოზი
bozi - snitch; an informant. The term literally means a "prostitute".[32]
ბოლო გოიმი
bolo goimi - extremely unsuccessful, useless, and worthless person; a major loser. The term literally means "the last goimi". The term goimi derives from Hebrew goy.[32]
ბულკი
bulk'i - person who is easily defeated in recreational games; a sweet and pleasant person. The term derives from Russian bulka (булка) literally meaning "small loaf".[34]
ბუხოი
bukhoi - drunk and intoxicated. The term is derived from Russian mafia verbiage, bukhoy (бухой).[35]
ბუტია
but'ia - peevish, sulky person.[36]

Ch

[edit]
ჩაზმანული
chazmanuli - well dressed person; a fashionista.[37]
ჩაქცეული
chaktseuli - extremely wealthy person.[38]
ჩერჩეტი
cherchet'i - silly; stupid person.[39]
ჩიფჩიფა
chipchipa - person speaking with a toothless mouth or a lisp.[40]
ჩმორი
chmori - a coward. The term is derived from Russian chmo (чмо).[41][42]

Ch'

[edit]
ჭედავს
ch'edavs - used to describe a situation when a person likes something or someone intensely. The term literally means "something is glitching".[43]
ჭიჭიკო
ch'ich'ik'o - a cab driver.[43]

D

[edit]
დაალაიკა
daalaik'a - used to describe a moment when a person pushed a like button on something on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "like".[44]
დააყენე
daaq'ene - cut the crap; stop talking or doing nonsense.[45]
დაგუგლა
dagugla - used to describe a moment when a person searched for something on the internet; The term literally comes from "google".[44]
დაიკიდე
daik'ide - take it easy; don't worry about it. The term literally means to "make something hang on yourself".[46]
დალინკა
dalink'a - used to describe a moment when a person linked something on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "link".[44]
დაპოსტა
dap'ost'a - used to describe a moment when a person posted something on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "post".[44]
დატროლა
dat'rola - used to describe a moment when a person trolled someone on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "trolling".[44]
დასინა
dasina - used to describe a moment when a person read a message from someone on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "seen".[44]
დააშეარა
daasheara - used to describe a moment when a person shared something on the internet; The term literally comes from English word "share".[44]
დაუგულა
daugula - used to describe a moment when a person pushed a love button on something on the internet; The term literally means "to heart something".[6]
დასტოინი
dast'oini - used to describe a person who is honorable and respectable. The term is dervied from Russian dastoynny (достойный).[47][48]
დიშოვი
dishovi - used to describe something that is of poor quality and is cheap. The term is derived from Russian desheviy (дешёвый).[47][49]
დვიჟენია
dvizhenia - exciting life news and deeds. The term is derived from Russian dvizheniye (движение) meaning "movement".[50][49]
დაბოლილი
dabolili - stoned.[51]
დაბრედილო
dabredilo - used as an enthusiastic greeting to a close friend, especially if parties haven't met for a long time. The term literally means "you're dead".[51]
დაგაზა
dagaza - to run or go somewhere fast. The term is derived from a word "gas".[52]
დაგლიჯა
daglija - used to describe a situation when something fun, entertaining and extraordinary happens.[52]
დაგნარი
dagnari - a fight.[52]
დაგრუზული
dagruzuli - a person who is on a bad mood. The term is derived from Russian gruzit (грузить), meaning to "load".[52]
დაქალი
dakali - woman’s best friend. The term literally means "sister-woman".[53]
დამპალი
damp'ali - a sly, dangerous and unpleasant person. The term literally means "something that is rotten".[54]
დამრტყმელი
damrt'q'meli - a brave person; fighter. The term literally means "someone who can hit".[54]
დამუღამებული
damughamebuli - some kind of skill that someone is professional and very good at.[54]
დახურა
dakhura - used to describe a moment when something or someone is super fun, entertaining or extraordinary. The term literally means "to close something".[55]
დაჰეითება
daheiteba - to hate someone or something. The term is derived from English.[7]
დაჰაიდება
dahaideba - to hide something from someone; to hide an ad. The term is derived from English.[7]
დედიკო
dedik'o - mommy.[56]
დერსკი
derski - a troublemaker; it also refers to a bold, brave, fun and cool thing, event or a person. The term is derived from Russian derzkyi (дерзкий).[57]
დოზანა
dozana - hell.[58]

Dz

[edit]
ძაან
dzaan - very.[59]
ძაღლი
dzaghli - a cop. The term literally means a "dog".[60]
ძიგძიგი
dzigdzigi - party; having fun. The term literally means "shaking, trembling".[61]
ძმაკაცი
dzmak'atsi - man’s best friend. The term literally means "brother-man".[62]
ძველი ბიჭი
dzveli bich'i - teenager or a youngster who is a sympathizer of Georgian mafia or criminal credo. The term literally means "old boy".[60]

E

[edit]
ევასა
evasa - used to describe a moment when a person got attracted to someone.[63]
ეკეტება
ek'et'eba - used to describe a moment when a person likes something or someone intensely. The term literally means "something is closing".[64]

G

[edit]
გაბანძებული
gabandzebuli - loser.[65]
გაბლატავებული
gablat'avebuli - brat; spoiled person.[65]
გაგება
gageba - moral compass; life credo. The term is popular through the criminal circles and sympathizers of the Georgian mafia.[66]
გადამგდები
gadamgdebi - liar. The term literally means the "one who throws someone out".[67]
გალეშილი
galeshili - dead drunk.[68]
გატისკული
gat'isk'uli - injured, wounded or beaten person.[69]
გაქანებული
gakanebuli - passionately enthusiastic about something or someone; borderline fanatic.[70]
გაქაჩული
gakachuli - rich and privileged person.[70]
გაჩითული
gachituli - rich and privileged person.[71]
გიჟმაჟი
gizhmazhi - crazy; wild; nuts.[72]
გოგჩო
gogcho - a girl.[73]
გოგონა
gogona - a girl.[74]
გოიმი
goimi - unsuccessful, worthless person; loser. The term derives from Hebrew goy.[73]
გოიმური
goimuri - low quality, old-fashioned item or behaviour. The term literally means something that looks like goimi.[73]
გრიალი
griali - party; keipi.[75]
გრუზინი
gruzini - used to describe an uncultured ethnic Georgian person who has no good taste, manners or education. The term is derived from Russian gruzin (грузин) meaning an "ethnic Georgian person". The term has an insulting, pejorative and negative connotation.[75]

Gh

[edit]
ღადაობა
ghadaoba - joking; fooling around.[76]

H

[edit]
ჰო
ho - yes.[77]
ჰოდა
hoda - in that case (said in reply to proposition).[78]

I

[edit]
იმენა
imena - namely; exactly. The term is derived from Russian imenno (именно).[47][79]
ინჩიბინჩი
inchibinchi - the slightest bit.[80]
იტოგში
it'ogshi - finally; eventually. The term is derived from Russian v itoge (в итоге).[47]

J

[edit]
ჯაგა
jaga - uncultured individual who has no good taste, manners or education.[81]
ჯაგიჯუგი
jagijugi - a fight or loud noise.[81]
ჯანდაბა
jandaba - hell.[82]
ჯართი
jarti - a low quality or an old car. The term literally means "junk".[81]
ჯიგარი
jigari - a kind person.[81]

K

[edit]
ქალაჩუნა
kalachuna - coward; sissy; soy boy.[83]
ქაჯი
kaji - uncultured individual who has no good taste, manners or education.[84]
ქეთინო
ketino - sissy; soy boy.[84]
ქეში
keshi - junkie.[84]
ქინძი
kindzi - silly and stupid person. The term literally means a "coriander".[85]
ქლიავი
kliavi - silly and stupid person. The term literally means a "plum".[86]

K'

[edit]
კაი
k'ai - nice; good.[87]
კაი ბიჭი
k'ai bich'i - a brat that is considered to be a cool guy among his peers; a motherfucker. The term literally means "a good boy".[88]
კაროჩე
k'aroche - shortly; briefly, in short. The term is derived from Russian koroche (короче).[47][89]
კაჩაობა
k'achaoba - to argue in a disrespectful and threatening manner.[90]
კაცუნა
k'atsuna - weak little man.[91]
კი
k'i - yes.[92]
კვერცხი
k'vertskhi - a silly person. The term literally means an "egg".[90]
კომბლე
k'omble - sly person who pretends to be a fool.[93]

Kh

[edit]
ხიპიში
khip'ishi - a fight or scandal.[94]
ხისთავა
khistava - a stupid person. The term literally means "tree headed".[94]
ხისთავიანი
khistaviani - a stupid person. The term literally means "one who has a tree head".[94]
ხიხო
khikho - uncultured individual who has no good taste, manners or education.[94]
ხოშიანი
khoshiani - cool, great, awesome. The term is derived from Persian khosh (خوش).[95]
ხუთჯვრიანი
khutjvriani - Georgian flag. The term literally means "five-crosses".[96]

L

[edit]
ლიმონი
limoni - one million. The term literally means a "lemon".[97]

M

[edit]
მაგარი
magari - great, awesome, cool; The term literally means "hard".[98]
მაზიანი
maziani - a gambling bet.[98]
მამიკო
mamik'o - daddy.[99]
მაყუთი
maq'uti - money; cash. The term probably derives from Hebrew.[100][101]
მასტი
mast'i - dude.[102]
მაწაკი
mats'ak'i - troublemaker with foul language.[103]

N

[edit]
ნარკუშა
nark'usha - junkie.[104]
ნაშა
nasha - a chick; a girl that a guy is casually dating. The term is derived from Hebrew nashaim (נָשִׁים).[105][106]
ნაზიკო
nazik'o - sissy; soy boy.[107]
ნწუ
nts'u - no.[108]

O

[edit]
ოხერი
okheri - sly.[109]
ოხრად
okhrad - a lot; in great numbers; in abundance.[110]

P

[edit]
ფაიზაღი
paizaghi - without doubt; absolutely.[111]
ფარჩაკი
parchak'i - unsuccessful and worthless person; loser. The term is derived from Russian mafia verbiage, porchak (порчак).[111]
ფინთი
pinti - nasty; bad; useless.[112]
ფუფლო
puplo - person who is not paying back a debt over the loss in a bet or a game.[113]

P'

[edit]
პიჟონი
p'izhoni - dandy, fop, poser.[114]
პიტალო
p'it'alo - silly, stupid person.[115]
პლანი
p'lani - marijuana.[116]
პონტი
p'ont'i - case, deal.[117]

Q'

[edit]
ყეყეჩი
q'eq'echi - stupid person.[118]
ყიყლიყო
q'iq'liq'o - sissy, soy boy.[119]
ყომარი
q'omari - gambling. The term is derived from Arabic qimār (قمار).[119]
ყუმი
q'umi - stupid person.[120]

R

[edit]
რქიანი
rkiani - uncultured individual who has no good taste, manners or education. The term literally means "horned".[121]
რუსეთუმე
rusetume - Russified Georgian. The term has an insulting, pejorative and negative connotation.[122]

S

[edit]
საკაიფო
sak'aipo - cool, fun; awesome.[123]
სამსართულიანი
samsartuliani - extremely profane slur and swearing; The term literally means "a thing with three floors".[123]
სასტავი
sast'avi - group and social circle of young people or close friends who have the same ideas and goals. The term is derived from Russian sostav (состав).[50]
საღოლ
saghol - bravo. The term is derived from Turkic sağol.[124]

Sh

[edit]
შავი
shavi - sympathizer or a member of the Georgian mafia or criminal credo. The term literally means "black".[125]
შავი მასტი
shavi mast'i - sympathizer or a member of the Georgian mafia or criminal credo. The term literally means "dude in black".[125]
შამპო
shampo - champagne.[125]
შანსავიკი
shansavik'i - lucky.[125]
შანსიანი
shansiani - lucky.[125]
შანსპეპელა
shansp'ep'ela - lucky. The term literally means "lucky butterfly".[125]
შე
she - you. The term is used as an interjection.[126]
შე ძველო
she dzvelo - hey pal; hey dude.[127]
შენ სადა ბანაობ
shen sada banaob - what planet are you on? The term is asked as a question implying a respondent should get back to reason and logic and stop being delusional. It literally means "where are you swimming/bathing".[128]
შეჩემა
shechema - my man; my bro; or my dude. The term is extremely versatile, ranging from a harmless, affectionate word of endearment used between close friends to a potentially extremely offensive, vulgar insult depending on the context and relationship. The literal sense is "you, penis of mine".[129]
შეჩემანალა
shechemanala - same as shechema, mostly used in Imereti region.[130]
შეჩემისა
shechemisa - same as shechema.[131]
შატალო
shat'alo - to absent oneself from school[e] without leave; to play truant.[133]
შებერტყილი
shebert'q'ili - sly and manipulative person.[134]
შემეტენე
shemet'ene - annoying person who always tags along with group desperately eager to fit it.[135]
შუხური
shukhuri - fight; conflict.[136]

T

[edit]
თავანი
tavani - gambling losses that are due to be paid.[137]
თათარი
tatari - Muslim. The term is derived from tatar.[138]
თიში
tishi - awesome; cool; beautiful.[139]
თოხლაობა
tokhlaoba - eating food. The term might be derived from Hebrew (אוכל).[139]
თესლი
tesli - sly and dangerous person. Also can be used as a term of admiration for a thing or a person that is beautiful, cool or extraordinary.[139]
თუხთუხი
tukhtukhi - party; having fun. The term literally means "bubbling, boiling".[140]

T'

[edit]
ტერტერა
t'ert'era - Armenian priest.[141]
ტეხავს
t'ekhavs - sucks; used to describe a situation when something unpleasant happened. The term literally means "something broke".[142][143]
ტიპი
t'ip'i - dude.[144]
ტო
t'o - eh.[145] It may also have a meaning of mate; pal; dude.[146]
ტლუ
t'lu - uncultured individual with no good taste, manners and education.[147]
ტრულაილა
t'rulaila - silly and annoying person.[148]
ტურტლიანი
t'urt'liani - filthy, dirty.[149]
ტუტუცი
t'ut'utsi - silly, frivolous.[150]

Ts

[edit]
ცისფერი
tsisperi - gay, queer, homosexual male. The term literally means "sky blue color".[151]
ცვეტში
tsvet'shi - absolutely; without a doubt. The term is derived from Russian tsvet (цвет), literally meaning "color".[152]
ცუგა
tsuga - dog.[153]
ცუციკი
tsutsik'i - a coward.[154]

Ts'

[edit]
წაკლა
ts'ak'la - bitch.[155]
წაკლაშკა
ts'ak'lashk'a - little bitch.[155]
წამალი
ts'amali - drugs.[155]
წამობრინჯული
ts'amobrinjuli - person who sits arrogantly. The term literally means "bloated like rice".[155]
წაუსნიკერსე
ts'ausnik'erse - to snack. The term literally means to "grab some snickers".[6]
წიწკვი
ts'its'k'vi - young girl.[156]

U

[edit]
უბერავს
uberavs - used to describe a person who is crazy. The term literally means "a person who is blowing air".[157]
უბრახუნებს
ubrakhunebs - used to describe a person who drinks a lot.[157]
უი
ui - oh no; alas.[158]
ურია
uria - Jew. The term is derived from Uriah.[159]

V

[edit]
ვაბშე
vabshe - in general, generally (speaking); altogether. The term is derived from Russian voobshche (вообще).[47][160]
ვაიმე
vaime - oh dear.[161]
ვერხი
verkhi - power and means someone may have over someone else. The term is derived from Russian verh (верх) meaning "height".[50]

Z

[edit]
ზანგი
zangi - nigger. The term is derived from Persian zang.[162]
ზასი
zasi - snog.[163]
ზმანი
zmani - cool clothes or a person with cool clothes.[164]

Zh

[edit]
ჟოშკა
zhoshk'a - a greedy person.[165]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ It may also be referred as, (Georgian: ჟარგონული ქართული, romanized: zhargonuli kartuli) or (Georgian: ქართული სლენგი, romanized: kartuli slengi).[1][2]
  2. ^ The anglicisms are gaining the ground in Georgian slang, through its influence in media, television and internet by actively replacing Russian as a foreign language of prestige in Georgia. The public attitude in the country is shown to be linked with two types of globalization; interconnectedness and expansion. English is seen as interconnectedness, while Russian, language of an expansion. It is noteworthy, that the term "barbarism" in Georgian refers mainly to Russian terms and loanwords.[8]
  3. ^ The critics see the colloquialization and democratization of Georgian as a real threat to its homogeneity. They assert that any language reform or foreign intrusion warrants for the struggle for Georgian national identity. Historically, the Georgians are well-documented to be "highly language-conscious society" having their native tongue define their "Georgianness".[10] On the other hand, as Arnold Chikobava, a prominent linguist and philologist puts it "language dies if nobody uses it; or when a language has only a limited platform".[11]
  4. ^ Generally, the Russian words and borrowings are considered as barbarisms, when they are used by the same meaning in Georgian slang as they have in standard Russian, but some specific Georgianized terms cannot be attested or understood in spoken Russian.[16]
  5. ^ It is noteworthy that, the school slang is used the least in Georgian.[132]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bregadze, p. 177
  2. ^ Rayfield, location: 181452
  3. ^ Sukhishvili, p. 25
  4. ^ Bregadze, p. 192
  5. ^ Beridze, p. 264
  6. ^ a b c Beridze, p. 266
  7. ^ a b c Beridze, p. 269
  8. ^ Sukhishvili, p. 35
  9. ^ Beridze, p. 270
  10. ^ Sukhishvili, p. 28
  11. ^ Sukhishvili, p. 30
  12. ^ Sukhishvili, p. 26
  13. ^ Beridze, pp. 270-271
  14. ^ Rayfield, location: 19570
  15. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 9
  16. ^ Kurdadze, pp. 1-2
  17. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 10
  18. ^ Bregadze, p. 11
  19. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 12
  20. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 13
  21. ^ a b Beridze, p. 267
  22. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 14
  23. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 15
  24. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 16
  25. ^ Bregadze, p. 17
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bregadze, p. 18
  27. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 21
  28. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 24
  29. ^ Beridze, p. 268
  30. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 23
  31. ^ Bregadze, p. 25
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Bregadze, p. 26
  33. ^ Rayfield, location: 256934
  34. ^ Bregadze, p. 27
  35. ^ Bregadze, p. 28
  36. ^ Rayfield, location: 259962
  37. ^ Bregadze, p. 152
  38. ^ Bregadze, p. 156
  39. ^ Rayfield, location: 303822
  40. ^ Rayfield, location: 291367
  41. ^ Kurdadze, p. 6
  42. ^ Bregadze, p. 158
  43. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 166
  44. ^ a b c d e f g Beridze, p. 265
  45. ^ Rayfield, location: 33124
  46. ^ Bregadze, p. 56
  47. ^ a b c d e f Kurdadze, p. 2
  48. ^ Bregadze, p. 59
  49. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 63
  50. ^ a b c Kurdadze, p. 3
  51. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 52
  52. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 53
  53. ^ Rayfield, location: 57357
  54. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 57
  55. ^ Bregadze, p. 171
  56. ^ Rayfield, location: 63357
  57. ^ Bregadze, p. 62
  58. ^ Rayfield, location: 65828
  59. ^ Rayfield, location: 252587
  60. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 161
  61. ^ Rayfield, location: 254026
  62. ^ Rayfield, location: 254159
  63. ^ Bregadze, p. 54
  64. ^ Bregadze, p. 167
  65. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 31
  66. ^ Bregadze, p. 32
  67. ^ Bregadze, p. 33
  68. ^ Rayfield, location: 351206
  69. ^ Bregadze, p. 39
  70. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 41
  71. ^ Bregadze, p. 42
  72. ^ Rayfield, location: 378906
  73. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 44
  74. ^ Rayfield, location: 379347
  75. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 46
  76. ^ Bregadze, p. 139
  77. ^ Rayfield, location: 245756
  78. ^ Rayfield, location: 245771
  79. ^ Bregadze, p. 76
  80. ^ Rayfield, location: 99252
  81. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 172
  82. ^ Rayfield, location: 246658
  83. ^ Rayfield, location: 232507
  84. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 137
  85. ^ Rayfield, location: 235133
  86. ^ Bregadze, p. 138
  87. ^ Rayfield, location: 103995
  88. ^ Bregadze, p. 80
  89. ^ Bregadze, p. 81
  90. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 82
  91. ^ Rayfield, location: 106358
  92. ^ Rayfield, location: 108648
  93. ^ Rayfield, location: 111079
  94. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 169
  95. ^ Bregadze, p. 170
  96. ^ Rayfield, location: 271305
  97. ^ Bregadze, p. 86
  98. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 88
  99. ^ Rayfield, location: 121922
  100. ^ Bregadze, p. 179
  101. ^ Rayfield, location: 124381
  102. ^ Rayfield, location: 123693
  103. ^ Rayfield, location: 124790
  104. ^ Rayfield, location: 166661
  105. ^ Bregadze, p. 180
  106. ^ Rayfield, location: 168050
  107. ^ Bregadze, p. 102
  108. ^ Rayfield, location: 171609
  109. ^ Rayfield, location: 174800
  110. ^ Bregadze, p. 106
  111. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 133
  112. ^ Rayfield, location: 227698
  113. ^ Bregadze, p. 136
  114. ^ Rayfield, location: 177349
  115. ^ Rayfield, location: 178680
  116. ^ Rayfield, location: 178797
  117. ^ Rayfield, location: 179496
  118. ^ Rayfield, location: 242092
  119. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 140
  120. ^ Rayfield, location: 243939
  121. ^ Bregadze, p. 116
  122. ^ Rayfield, location: 185487
  123. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 117
  124. ^ Rayfield, location: 197557
  125. ^ a b c d e f Bregadze, p. 141
  126. ^ Rayfield, location: 312020
  127. ^ Rayfield, location: 253754
  128. ^ Rayfield, location: 261209
  129. ^ Bregadze, p. 147
  130. ^ Rayfield, location: 329923
  131. ^ Rayfield, location: 303655
  132. ^ Bregadze, p. 6
  133. ^ Bregadze, p. 142
  134. ^ Bregadze, p. 143
  135. ^ Bregadze, p. 145
  136. ^ Bregadze, p. 150
  137. ^ Rayfield, location: 84700
  138. ^ Rayfield, location: 86620
  139. ^ a b c Bregadze, p. 74
  140. ^ Rayfield, location: 92568
  141. ^ Rayfield, location: 209153
  142. ^ Kurdadze, p. 8
  143. ^ Bregadze, p. 125
  144. ^ Rayfield, location: 209524
  145. ^ Bregadze, p. 188
  146. ^ Rayfield, location: 210043
  147. ^ Rayfield, location: 210028
  148. ^ Rayfield, location: 211008
  149. ^ Rayfield, location: 208571
  150. ^ Rayfield, location: 211284
  151. ^ Rayfield, location: 308494
  152. ^ Bregadze, p. 159
  153. ^ Rayfield, location: 309531
  154. ^ Bregadze, p. 160
  155. ^ a b c d Bregadze, p. 164
  156. ^ Bregadze, p. 165
  157. ^ a b Bregadze, p. 129
  158. ^ Rayfield, location: 214314
  159. ^ Rayfield, location: 218151
  160. ^ Bregadze, p. 69
  161. ^ Rayfield, location: 78270
  162. ^ Rayfield, location: 81590
  163. ^ Rayfield, location: 81925
  164. ^ Bregadze, p. 72
  165. ^ Bregadze, p. 113

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bregadze, Levan (2005) Dictionary of Georgian slang, Volume III, Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, Tbilisi
  • Rayfield, Donald (2006) A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary, Garnet Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9535878-3-4
  • Beridze, Nato (2023) The Trend of Deverbalization of Anglicisms in the Georgian Digital Vocabulary, Erdoğan University Journal of Social Sciences, DOI: 10.34086/rteusbe.1308392
  • Kurdadze, Ramaz (2016) Slang Lexical Borrowings in Georgian-Russian Cross-cultural Relations, University of Chicago Center, 6 Rue Thomas Mann, SCCC
  • Sukhishvili, Tamar (2019) The Georgian Language: Threats and Challenges, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, DOI 12/2017: 25–37