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JL-1
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| Julang-1 (JL-1), NATO : CSS-N-3 | |
|---|---|
 JL-1 and JL-2. | |
| Type | SLBM |
| Service history | |
| Used by | China |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Huang Weilu |
| Designed | 1970s |
| Manufacturer | Factory 307 (Nanjing Dawn Group) |
| Produced | 1980s |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 14,700 kilograms (32,400 lb) |
| Length | 10.7 metres (35 ft) |
| Width | 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) |
| Warhead | nuclear |
| Blast yield | 250-500Kt |
| Propellant | Solid fuel |
Operational range | 1,770 km (JL-1), 2,500 km (JL-1A) |
Guidance system | Inertial |
Launch platform | Xia class submarine |
The Julang-1 (Chinese: 巨浪-1; pinyin: Jù Làng Yī; lit. 'Huge Wave-1', also known as the JL-1; NATO reporting name CSS-N-3) was China's first generation nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The JL-1 and its warheads are believed to be retired and dismantled.
History
[edit]On 26 March 1967, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission began working on the SLBM JL-1 (Julang, "Great Wave").[1]: 115 The Ninth Academy simultaneously conceptualized a smaller thermonuclear warhead for the missile.[1]: 115 In 1970, the Ninth Academy completed a theoretical design for the thermonuclear warhead.[1]: 115
The general designer of the missile was Huang Weilu,[2] and Chen Deren (Chinese: 陈德仁, 1922 – 21 December 2007) served as his deputy. The missile was assembled at Factory 307 (now Nanjing Dawn Group [南京晨光集团]).[citation needed]
The JL-1 was deployed on Xia class submarine in 1986. The Type 092 Xia class nuclear submarine has 12 launch tubes.[citation needed]
The JL-1 was initially tested and deployed on the PLAN's modified Golf class SSB. The Golf has since been modified again for further testing of other missiles, such as the JL-2, which has test-launched multiple times with varying levels of success.[citation needed]
The DF-21 appears to be a land-based version of the JL-1.
A 2011 US Department of Defense described the operational status of the JL-1 as "questionable".[3] As of 2018, the JL-1 and its warheads are believed to have been retired and dismantled.[4]
See also
[edit]- JL-2 – (China)
- R-29 Vysota – (Soviet Union)
- R-29RM Shtil – (Soviet Union)
- R-29RMU Sineva – (Russia)
- R-29RMU2 Layner – (Russia)
- RSM-56 Bulava – (Russia)
- UGM-133 Trident II – (United States)
- M45 (missile) – (France)
- M51 (missile) – (France)
- K Missile family – (India)
- Pukguksong-1 – (North Korea)
- R-39 Rif – (Soviet Union)
- R-39M – (Russia)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Zhang, Hui (2025). The Untold Story of China's Nuclear Weapon Development and Testing: A Technical History. Belfer Center Studies in International Security. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-05182-8.
- ^ "中国潜射洲际导弹总师：曾在英国研究V-2导弹_军事频道_央视网". military.cntv.cn.
- ^ Taylor, Marcus; Tamerlani, Eric; Farnsworth, Timothy (June 2013). "Pentagon Sees China Progressing on SLBM". Arms Control Today. 43 (5). Arms Control Association: 31–32. JSTOR 23629520.
- ^ Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (2018). "Chinese nuclear forces, 2018". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 74 (4): 289–295. Bibcode:2018BuAtS..74d.289K. doi:10.1080/00963402.2018.1486620.
- Norris, Robert, Burrows, Andrew, Fieldhouse, Richard "Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume V, British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, San Francisco, Westview Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8133-1612-X
- Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai, "China's Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force Modernization in the Nuclear Age," Stanford, 1994.
