Knossos

Knossos

Κνωσός
Restored North Entrance with charging bull fresco
Crete, showing Heraklion, location of ancient Knōsos
Tên khác	Cnossus
Vị trí	Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Vùng	North central coast, 5 km (3,1 mi) southeast of Heraklion
Tọa độ	35°17′53″B 25°9′47″Đ / 35,29806°B 25,16306°Đ / 35.29806; 25.16306
Loại	Palace complex, administrative centre, capital of Crete and regions within its jurisdiction
Chiều dài	North-south length of inhabited area is 5 km (3,1 mi)[1]
Chiều rộng	East-west width of inhabited area is 3 km (1,9 mi) max.
Diện tích	Total inhabited area is 10 km^2 (3,9 dặm vuông Anh). The palace building itself is 14.000 m^2 (150.000 foot vuông)[2]
Chiều cao	Unknown
Lịch sử
Xây dựng	Unknown
Nguyên liệu	Ashlar blocks of limestone or gypsum, wood, mud-brick, rubble for fill, plaster
Thành lập	The first settlement dates to about 7000 BC. The first palace dates to 1900 BC.
Bị bỏ rơi	At some time in Late Minoan IIIC, 1380–1100 BC
Niên đại	Neolithic to Late Bronze Age. The first palace was built in the Middle Minoan IA period.
Nền văn hóa	Minoan, Mycenaean
Liên quan với	In the Middle Minoan, people of unknown ethnicity termed Minoans; in the Late Minoan, by Mycenaean Greeks
Các ghi chú về di chỉ
Khai quật ngày	1900–1931 1957–1960 1969–1970
Các nhà khảo cổ học	For the initial teams' work discovering the palace: Arthur Evans; David George Hogarth, Director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens; Duncan Mackenzie, superintendent of excavation; Theodore Fyfe, Architect; Christian Doll, Architect For the additional work on the Neolithic starting in 1957: John Davies Evans
Tình trạng	Restored and maintained for visitation. Evans used mainly concrete. Modern interventions include open roofing of fragile areas, stabilized soil, paved walkways, non-slip wooden ramps, trash receptacles, perimeter barbed wire fence, security lighting, retail store and dining room[3]
Thuộc sở hữu	Originally owned by Cretans, then by Arthur Evans, followed by the British School at Athens, and finally by the current owner, the Republic of Greece.
Quản lý	23rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
Mở cửa công chúng	Yes
Website	“Knossos”. British School at Athens. “Knossos”. Odysseus. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2007. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 6 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 6 năm 2016.
Current activity is preservational. Restoration is extensive. Painted concrete was used for wood in the pillars. The frecoes often were recreated from a few flakes of painted plaster.

Knossos hoặc Cnossos (/ˈnɒsɒs/; tên khác: Knossus hoặc Cnossus /ˈnɒsəs/; tiếng Hy Lạp: Κνωσός, pronounced [knoˈsos]),là địa điểm khảo cổ lớn nhất thời đại đồ đồng trên đảo Crete và được xem là thành phố lâu đời nhất của châu Âu.^[4]

Tham khảo

1. Papadopoulos, John K (1997), “Knossos”, trong Delatorre, Marta (biên tập), The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region: an international conference organized by the Getty Conservation Institute and the Paul Getty Museum, 6–ngày 12 tháng 5 năm 1995, Los Angeles: The Paul Getty Trust, tr. 93
2. McEnroe, John C. (2010). Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age. Austin: University of Texas Press. tr. 50. However, Davaras & Doumas 1957, tr. 5, an official guide book in use in past years, gives the dimensions of the palace as 150 m (490 ft) square, about 20.000 m² (220.000 foot vuông). A certain amount of subjectivity is undoubtedly involved in setting the borders for measurement.
3. Stratis, James C. (tháng 10 năm 2005), Kommos Archaeological Site Conservation Report (PDF), kommosconservancy.org
4. Todd Whitelaw 2012, tr. 223Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFTodd_Whitelaw2012 (trợ giúp).

Sách tham khảo

By Evans

• Evans, Arthur John (1894). “Primitive Pictographs and Script from Crete and the Peloponnese”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. XIV: 270–372. doi:10.2307/623973.
• —— (1901). “Minoan Civilization at the Palace of Knosses” (PDF). Monthly Review. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 6 năm 2016.
• —— (1906A) [1905]. Essai de classification des Époques de la civilization minoenne: résumé d’un discours fait au Congrès d’Archéologie à Athènes . London: B. Quaritch.
• —— (1906B). The prehistoric tombs of Knossos: I. The cemetery of Zapher Papoura, with a comparative note on a chamber-tomb at Milatos. II. The Royal Tomb at Isopata. Archaeologia 59 (1905) pages 391–562. London: B. Quaritch.
• —— (1909). Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with Special Reference to the Archives of Knossos. I: The Hieroglyphic and Primitive Linear Classes: with an account of the discovery of the pre-Phoenician scripts, their place in the Minoan story and their Mediterranean relatives: with plates, tables and figures in the text. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• —— (1912). “The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 32: 277–287. doi:10.2307/624176.
• —— (1914). “The 'Tomb of the Double Axes' and Associated Group, and the Pillar Rooms and Ritual Vessels of the 'Little Palace' at Knossos”. Archaeologia. 65: 1–94. doi:10.1017/s0261340900010833.
• —— (1921, 1928A, 1928B, 1930, 1935A, 1935B, 1936). The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos. London: MacMillan and Co; Online by Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp) [Volume 1, Volume 2 Parts 1&2, Volume 3, Volume 4 Parts 1&2, Index by Joan Evans].
  • —— (1921). PM. I: The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages.
  • —— (1928A). PM. II Part I: Fresh lights on origins and external relations: the restoration in town and palace after seismic catastrophe towards close of M. M. III and the beginnings of the New Era.
  • —— (1928B). PM. II Part II: Town-Houses in Knossos of the New Era and restored West Palace Section, with its state approach.
  • —— (1930). PM. III: The great transitional age in the northern and eastern sections of the Palace: the most brilliant record of Minoan art and the evidences of an advanced religion.
  • —— (1935A). PM. IV Part I: Emergence of outer western enceinte, with new illustrations, artistic and religious, of the Middle Minoan Phase, Chryselephantine "Lady of Sports", "Snake Room" and full story of the cult Late Minoan ceramic evolution and "Palace Style".
  • —— (1935B). PM. IV Part II: Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii, Chryselephantine Boy-God and ritual hair-offering, Intaglio Types, M.M. III – L. M. II, late hoards of sealings, deposits of inscribed tablets and the palace stores, Linear Script B and its mainland extension, Closing Palatial Phase, Room of Throne and final catastrophe.
  • Evans, Joan (1936). PM. Index to the Palace of Minos.
• —— (1952). Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with special reference to the archives of Knossos. II: The Archives of Knossos: clay tablets inscribed in linear script B: edited from notes, and supplemented by John L. Myres. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

By others

• Begg, D.J. Ian (2004), “An Archaeology of Palatial Mason's Marks on Crete”, trong Chapin, Ann P (biên tập), ΧΑΡΙΣ: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, Hesperia Supplement 33, tr. 1–28
• Benton, Janetta Rebold and Robert DiYanni.Arts and Culture: An introduction to the Humanities, Volume 1 (Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 1998), 64–70.
• Bourbon, F. Lost Civilizations (New York, Barnes and Noble, 1998), 30–35.
• Castleden, Rodney (1990). The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. London; New York: Routledge.
• Whitelaw, Todd (2000). “Beyond the palace:A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city”. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies: 223, 226.
• Davaras, Costos; Doumas, Alexandra (Translator) (1957). Knossos and the Herakleion Museum: Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide. Athens: Hannibal Publishing House.
• Driessen, Jan (1990). An early destruction in the Mycenaean palace at Knossos: a new interpretation of the excavation field-notes of the south-east area of the west wing. Acta archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 2. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit.
• Gere, Cathy (2009). Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226289540.
• Landenius Enegren, Hedvig. The People of Knossos: prosopographical studies in the Knossos Linear B archives (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2008) (Boreas. Uppsala studies in ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern civilizations, 30).
• Macdonald, Colin F. (2005). Knossos. London: Folio Society.
• MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000). Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth. New York: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
• Pendlebury, JDS; Evans, Arthur (Forward) (2003) [1954]. A handbook to the palace of Minos at Knossos with its dependencies. Oxford; Belle Fourche, SD: Oxford University Press; Kessinger Publishing Company.

Liên kết ngoài

• gl68100 (2011). The Minoans: Ancient Civilization of Crete. YouTube.
• loraraan (2010). Knossos Crete – The palace of Knossos. YouTube.
• lupusunicus (2010). Minoan Palace Knossos – Crete, part 01. YouTube.
• MrCustardCustard (2011). Knossos Palace Reconstruction Crete 3D. YouTube.
• TMurz (2008). A Mini Introduction to Knossos. YouTube.
• Swindale, Ian. “Minoan Crete website: Knossos Pages”.
• Rutter, Jeremy B. “Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology”. Dartmouth College; The Foundation of the Hellenic World. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 1 tháng 12 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2012.
• Gonzalez, Grisel; Prosise, Jeff (2000). “Knossos”. grisel.net.
• “Knossos Plan”. Ancient-Greece.org. 2003–2012.
• “Knossos”. Ancient–Wisdom. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2012.
• “Knossos”. Crete–Kreta. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 1 tháng 11 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2012.
• “Knossos”. Explore Crete. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2012.
• “The palace of Knosós and its surroundings – 3D virtual reality tour”. British School at Athens. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 6 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2012.
• “The Palace of Knossos”. Heraklion Crete org online. 2009.
• “The Palace of Knossos”. Odyssey: Adventures in Archaeology. odysseyadventures.ca. 2012.
• MacDonald, Colin F (1996–2003). “The Palaces of Minos at Knossos”. Athena Publications. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 24 tháng 5 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 6 năm 2016. Abridged from Athena Review. 3 (3): 36–43. 2003. |title= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
• Knossos on Wikimapia