Linglinghua

Lingling
Linghua
liŋ55 va33
Pronunciation	[liŋ˥ va˧]
Native to	China
Region	Guangxi
Ethnicity	Miao
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1991)^[citation needed]
Language family	mixed Mandarin–Miao^[citation needed]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None

Lingling (Chinese: Linghua 伶话 Línghuà or Lingling hua; Lingling: liŋ˥ va˧) is an unclassified mixed Chinese language. It is spoken by 20,000 ethnic Miao in Longsheng County, Guangxi. It is only spoken within the community; with outsiders, Southwestern Mandarin is spoken.

He (2009) covers the Linghua dialect of Taiping (太平村), Pingdeng Township (平等乡), Longsheng County, Guangxi.

A description of the Taipingtang 太平塘村 dialect of Linghua can be found in Wang (2014).^[1]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants^[1]

		Labial	Alveolar		Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
			plain	lateral
Plosive/Affricate	plain	p	t	tɬ	tʂ	tɕ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	tɬʰ	tʂʰ	tɕʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	dl		dʑ	g
Nasal		m	n				ŋ
Fricative		f	s	ɬ		ɕ	h
Approximant		w		l

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y		u
Mid			ə	ɔ
Open	a

Tones

Tones

Tone category	Tone value
A1	˥ (5)
A2	˨ (2)
B1	˧ (3)
B2	˦ (4)
C	˦ (4)
D	˨ (2)

Vocabulary

This section lists sample vocabulary in Linghua from Wang (2014). Translated English glosses have also been provided.^[1]

Pronouns

	sg.	pl.
1st person	ŋa˧	ŋai˧
2nd person	ŋ̍˧	ŋ̍˧liɛ˥
3rd person	tʰa˥, i˥	i˥liɛ˥

Numerals

Numeral	Linghua
1	i˨
2	ni˦
3	ɬa˥
4	ɬi˦
5	ŋ̍˧
6	liu˨
7	tɬʰi˨
8	pia˨
9	tɕiu˧
10	dl̩˨

Nature

Chinese gloss	English gloss	Linghua
天	sky	tʰiɛ˥
太阳	sun	ni˨dau˨/˥
月亮	moon	wei˨liɔ˦
星星	star	ɬiɛ˥liɛ˧
云	cloud	uŋ˨wu˦
雨	rain	u˧
风	wind	puŋ˥
山	mountain	ɬai˥
田	field	diɛ˨

Body parts

Chinese gloss	English gloss	Linghua
头	head	dau˨
头发	hair (of head)	dau˨pei˨/˥
脸	face	miɛ˦
耳朵	ear	niɛ˧tɔ˧
眼睛	eye	ŋai˧tɬiɛ˥
鼻子	nose	bi˨haŋ˧
嘴	mouth	hau˧
舌头	tongue	iɛ˨liɛ˧
牙齿	tooth	ŋa˨tɬʰl̩˧
脖子	neck	tɕiɛ˧kuai˧
肩	shoulder	kai˥dau˨
脊背	back	pei˦
手	hand	ɕiu˧
脚	leg, foot	tɕiɔ˨
心	heart	ɬiŋ˥
肉	meat, flesh	nai˦
皮	skin	bi˨
骨头	bone	gy˧
左	left (side)	tɬɔ˧
右	right (side)	iu˦

References

1. Wang, Fushi 王辅世 (2014). "Guangxi Longsheng Linghua jilüe 广西龙胜伶话记略". Wang Fushi yuyan yanjiu wenji 王辅世语言研究文集. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China). ISBN 978-7-5097-5966-0. (Originally published in Fangyan 方言 1979(2):137-141; 1979(3):231-240)

• He Danpeng [何丹鵬]. 2009. 廣西龍勝伶話語音的歷史層次研究 [Study of the Longsheng (Guangxi) Linghua phonology and its historical strata]. Ph.D. dissertation. City University of Hong Kong.
• Ming studies, 34–35:55, University of Minnesota, 1990