Wiki Article
Odia grammar
Nguồn dữ liệu từ Wikipedia, hiển thị bởi DefZone.Net
Odia grammar is the study of the morphological and syntactic structures, word order, case inflections, verb conjugation and other grammatical structures of Odia, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.
Morphology
[edit]Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in the Odia language. Morphemes (called ରୁପିମ) are the smallest units of the Odia language that carry and convey a unique meaning and is grammatically appropriate. A morpheme in Odia is the most minuscule meaningful constituent which combines and synthesizes the phonemes into a meaningful expression through its (morpheme's) form & structure. Thus, in essence, the morpheme is a structural combination of phonemes in Odia. In other words, in the Odia language, the morpheme is a combination of sounds that possess and convey a meaning. A morpheme is not necessarily a meaningful word in Odia. In Odia, every morpheme is either a base or an affix (prefix or a suffix).[1][2]
Nouns
[edit]Nouns are those which are inflected by number, gender or case markers.
Number
[edit]There are two types of numbers in Odia:
- singular- ଏକବଚନ ekabacana
- plural- ବହୁବଚନ bahubacana
Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun may be followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.
The singular number markers occur as suffix:
| Suffix | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଟି ṭi | କଲମଟି kalamaṭi | pen |
| ଟା ṭā | ଝିଅଟା jhiaṭā | daughter |
| ଟିଏ ṭie | ପିଲାଟିଏ pilāṭie | child |
The plural number occur with nominal forms as:
| Eg | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ଚିନି cini | sugar |
| ବାଲି bāli | sand |
| Suffix | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ମାନେ māne | ଲୋକମାନେ lokamāne | people |
| ମାନ māna | ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥମାନ granthamāna | holy books |
| ଗୁଡ଼ା guṛā (guḍā) | ଭାତଗୁଡ଼ା bhātaguḍā | boiled rice |
| ଗୁଡ଼ାଏ guṛāe (guḍāe) | ଫଳଗୁଡ଼ାଏ phaḷaguḍāe | fruits |
| ଗୁଡ଼ାକ guṛāka (guḍāka) | ଚାଉଳଗୁଡ଼ାକ cāuḷaguḍāka | rice |
| ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ guṛie (guḍie) | ଫୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିଏ phulaguḍie | flowers |
| ଗୁଡ଼ିକ guṛika (guḍika) | ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ nadīguḍika | rivers |
| ଏ e | ପିଲେ pile | children |
| ସବୁ sabu | ଗାଁସବୁ gā̃sabu | villages |
| ଶ୍ରେଣୀ śreṇī | ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ parbataśreṇī | mountains |
| ଯାକ ẏāka (jāka) | ଘରଯାକ gharajāka | houses |
Gender
[edit]There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:
- masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ puliṅga
- feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ striliṅga
- common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ ubhayaliṅga
- neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ klibaliṅga
| Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ବାପା bāpā | father | ମା mā | mother |
| ପୁଅ pua | son | ଝିଅ jhia | daughter |
| ଭାଇ bhāi | brother | ଭଉଣୀ bhauṇī | sister |
| ସ୍ୱାମୀ swāmī | husband | ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ strī | wife |
| ରାଜା rājā | king | ରାଣୀ rāṇī | queen |
| ଷଣ୍ଢ ṣaṇḍha | bull | ଗାଈ gāī | cow |
| Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ purusha loka | male person | ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ stri loka | female person |
| ପୁଅ ପିଲା pua pilā | male child | ଝିଅ ପିଲା jhia pilā | female child |
| ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ purusha jātri | male passenger | ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ mahiḷā jātri | female passenger |
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର aṇḍirā kukura | male dog | ମାଈ କୁକୁର māi kukura | female dog |
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି aṇḍirā cheḷi | male goat | ମାଈ ଛେଳି māi cheḷi | female goat |
| Suffix | Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ଆ ā | ସଭ୍ୟ sabhya | male member | ସଭ୍ୟା sabhyā | female member |
| ଶିଷ୍ୟ śishya | male student | ଶିଷ୍ୟା śishyā | female student | |
| ଦୁଷ୍ଟ dushṭa | naughty(m) | ଦୁଷ୍ଟା dushṭā | naughty(f) | |
| ଆ ā (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ a to ଇ i) |
ବାଳକ bāḷaka | boy | ବାଳିକା bāḷikā | girl |
| ଗାୟକ gāyaka | male singer | ଗାୟିକା gāyikā | female singer | |
| ନାୟକ nāyaka | actor | ନାୟିକା nāyikā | actress | |
| ଶିକ୍ଷକ śikshaka | male teacher | ଶିକ୍ଷିକା śikshikā | female teacher | |
| ଈ i | ପୁତ୍ର putra | son | ପୁତ୍ରୀ putri | daughter |
| ବୁଢ଼ା buṛhā | old man | ବୁଢ଼ୀ buṛhi | old woman | |
| କୁମାର kumāra | young boy | କୁମାରୀ kumāri | young girl | |
| ସୁନ୍ଦର sundara | handsome(m) | ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ sundari | beautiful(f) | |
| ଦେବ deba | god | ଦେବୀ debi | goddess | |
| ଈ i (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ā to ଈ i) |
ଟୋକା ṭokā | boy | ଟୋକୀ ṭoki | girl |
| ଛୋଟା choṭā | lame(m) | ଛୋଟୀ choṭi | lame(f) | |
| ଈ i (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ a to ଆ ā) |
କଣା kaṇā | blind(m) | କାଣୀ kāṇi | blind(f) |
| ସଳା saḷā | brother-in-law | ସାଳୀ sāḷi | sister-in-law | |
| ଈ i (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ā to ରୀ ri) |
ନେତା netā | male leader | ନେତ୍ରୀ netri | female leader |
| ରଚୈତା racaitā | author | ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ racaitri | female author | |
| ଣୀ ṇi | ଚୋର cora | male thief | ଚୋରଣୀ coraṇi | female thief |
| ମୂଲିଆ muliā | male labourer | ମୂଲିଆଣୀ muliāṇi | female labourer | |
| ଣୀ ṇi (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ a to ଆ ā) |
ଠାକୁର ṭhākura | god | ଠାକୁରାଣୀ ṭhākurāṇi | goddess |
| ମାଷ୍ଟର māshṭara | male teacher | ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ māshṭrāṇi | female teacher | |
| ତନ୍ତୀ tanti | male weaver | ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ tantiāṇi | female weaver | |
| ଡାକ୍ତର ḍāktara | male doctor | ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ ḍāktarāṇi | female doctor | |
| ଣୀ ṇi (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ a to ଉ u) |
ବାଘ bāgha | tiger | ବାଘୁଣୀ bāghuṇi | tigress |
| ଗଧ gadha | male donkey | ଗଧୁଣୀ gadhuṇi | female donkey | |
| ଣୀ ṇi (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ā to ଉ u) |
ଚଷା cashā | male farmer | ଚାଷୁଣୀ cāshuṇi | female farmer |
| ଣୀ ṇi (morpho-phonemic change- ଇ i to ଉ u) |
ମାଳି māḷi | male gardener | ମାଲୁଣୀ māluṇi | female gardener |
| ଭିକାରି bhikāri | male beggar | ଭିକାରୁଣୀ bhikāruṇi | female beggar | |
| ନୀ ni | ବନ୍ଦୀ bandi | male prisoner | ବନ୍ଦିନୀ bandini | female prisoner |
| ଧନା dhanā | rich(m) | ଧନିନୀ dhanini | rich(f) |
Case
[edit]Case inflection is a common characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or "ବିଭକ୍ତି" (bibhakti) in Odia. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a larger syntactic structure. There are 8 types of cases in Odia:
| Case | Names of cases in Odia | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | କର୍ତ୍ତାକାରକ karttākāraka |
∅ | -ମାନେ, -ଏ -māne, -e |
| Accusative | କର୍ମକାରକ karmakāraka |
-କୁ -ku |
-ମାନଙ୍କୁ -mānanku |
| Dative | ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ କାରକ sampradāna kāraka | ||
| Genitive | ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ କାରକ sambandha kāraka |
-ର -ra |
-ମାନଙ୍କର -mānankara |
| Locative | ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ adhikaraṇa kāraka |
-ରେ, -ଠାରେ -re, -ṭhāre |
-ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ -mānankare, -mānankaṭhāre |
| Instrumental | କରଣକାରକ karaṇakāraka |
-ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ -re, -dwārā, -dera |
-ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା -mānankare, -mānankadwārā |
| Ablative | ଅପାଦାନ କାରକ apādāna kāraka |
-ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ -ru, -ṭhāru |
-ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ -mānankaru, -mānankaṭhāru |
| Vocative | ସମ୍ବୋଧକ କାରକ sambodhaka kāraka |
ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ he, re, ho | |
For Vocative case: Due to lack of synthetic inflectional morphemes, a vocative particle is used.
Pronouns
[edit]Pronouns are classified both notionally and morphologically.
Personal pronouns are of two types:
- Direct case- used for Nominative case
- Oblique case- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)
| Person | Case | Pronoun | Singular | Pronoun | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Direct | I | ମୁଁ | We | ଆମେ ଆମେମାନେ |
| Oblique | Me, My, Mine | ମୋ- | Us, Our, Ours | ଆମ- ଆମମାନଙ୍କ- | |
| 2nd | Direct | You | ତୁ (informal) ତୁମେ (formal) ଆପଣ (honorific) |
You | ତୁମେମାନେ ଆପଣମାନେ (honorific) |
| Oblique | You, Your, Yours | ତୋ- (informal) ତୁମ- (formal) ଆପଣଙ୍କ- (honorific) |
You, Your, Yours | ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ- ଆପଣମାନଙ୍କ- (honorific) | |
| 3rd (distal) |
Direct | He/She | ସେ | They | ସେମାନେ |
| Oblique | Him/Her, His/Hers | ତା- (informal) ତାଙ୍କ- (formal) |
Them/Their/Theirs | ସେମାନଙ୍କ- |
Adjectives
[edit]| Adjective type | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| adjective | ଭଲ ପୁଅ | good boy |
| ନାଲି ଫୁଲ | red flower | |
| adjective(numeral)-specifier | ଦଶଟି ଫୁଲ | ten flowers |
| ପାଞ୍ଚଟା ଗାଁ | five villages | |
| ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର | a student | |
| ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ | ten teachers | |
| adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure | ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା | 5 kg vegetables |
| ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ | 10 ltr oil | |
| adjective adjective | ଅତି ବଡ଼ ଘର | very big house |
| ଭାରି ସୁନ୍ଦର ପିଲା | very beautiful child | |
| adverb adjective | ଧୀର ମିଠା କଥା | soft sweet talk |
| compound adverb | କାନ୍ଦ କାନ୍ଦ ମୁଁହ | crying face |
| ହସ ହସ ଭାବ | smiling appearance | |
| adverb verbal noun | ଧୀର ଚାଲି | slow walking |
| ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ଖିଆ | quick eating |
| Type | Adjective type | Noun/Verb | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix | noun-ā | ରୋଗ | ରୋଗା ଲୋକ | ill person |
| ଦକ୍ଷିଣ | ଦକ୍ଷିଣା ପବନ | southern wind | ||
| verb-ā | ଶୁଣ | ଶୁଣା କଥା | heard matter | |
| ଜାଣ | ଜଣା ଖବର | known news | ||
| noun verb-ā | ଚାଉଳ, ଧୋ | ଚାଉଳ ଧୁଆ ପାଣି | rice-washed water | |
| ଲୁଗା, କାଚ୍ | ଲୁଗା କଚା ସାବୁନ୍ | cloth washing soap | ||
| verb-i | ଗୁଣ | ଗୁଣି ଲେକ | good person | |
| ଦାମ୍ | ଦାମି ଜିନିଷ | costly thing |
Postpositions
[edit]Postpositions used with Inflections: The postpositions which occur with nominal forms and function as both morphological and syntactic markers. They are added to the nominal stems formed by noun-genitive case markers.
| Postpositions | Meaning | Postpositions | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଉପରେ | up | ପରି | like |
| ମଧ୍ୟରେ | between | ଭଳି | like |
| ଭିତରେ | in | ପ୍ରତି | per head |
| ତଳେ | under | ଜଗୁଁ | because of |
| ପାଖରେ | near | ହେତୁ | because of |
| ବଦଳରେ | instead of | ନେଇ | by |
| ନିକଟରେ | near | ଦ୍ଵାରା | by |
| ଠାରୁ | from | ଦ୍ୱାରା | by |
| ସକାସେ | for | ପାଇଁ | by |
| ନିମନ୍ତେ | for | ଠାରେ | at |
| ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ | instead of | ରୁପେ | like |
Indeclinable Postpositions: Those which do not have inflected suffixes, function as indeclinables.
| Postpositions | Meaning | Postpositions | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଭଳି | like | ପରି | like |
| ହେଲେ | then | ସବୁ | all |
| ସହିତ | with | ସଙ୍ଗେ | with |
| ନିମନ୍ତେ | for | ସାଥେ | with |
| ମଧ୍ୟ | also | ଅନ୍ତେ | then |
| ସହ | with | ଜାକ | all |
Classifiers
[edit]When a noun is enumerated, it takes a group of morphemes called classifiers.
When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:
- classifier-numeral noun
Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child
When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:
- numeral classifier noun
Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା – two children
Classifiers have two types-
- qualifiers- used for count nouns.
Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି
Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା – one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର – one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର – two houses
Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-
- ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child
- ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା – one piece of cloth
- ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ – one bundle of wood
- ଫାଳେ କାଠ – a half piece of wood
- ଗଦାଏ କାଠ – one heap of wood
- କିଲେ କାଠ – one kilo of wood
- ଫୁଟେ କାଠ – one foot of wood
- ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ – one sack of wood
- quantifiers- used for mass nouns
Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା
Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ – a lump of mud
Verbs
[edit]Inflection
[edit]Verbs in Odia are marked for a combination of tense/mood, aspect, person, and number. In the progressive and perfect aspects, aspect is marked on the verb (with the progressive in -u- and the perfect in -i-), while all other information is marked on the auxiliary ach/thā. The overall order is stem + aspect + auxiliary + tense/mood + person/number. For example, khā-u-thā-nt-ā means "he/she would have been eating."
Odia has 5 tenses/moods: the habitual (no suffix), the imperative (no suffix), the past (with the suffix -il-), the conditional (with the suffix -ant-), and the future (with the suffix -ib-). These 5 tenses use the auxiliary th(ā) when in the perfect or progressive aspects. There are also the Present Perfect and the Present Progressive, which use the auxiliary (a)ch. These are then followed by a personal suffix, depending on person, number, as well as the tense:
| Person | Number | Tense/mood | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Habitual | Past/conditional | Future | Imperative | Present Progressive/Perfect | ||
| 1st | Singular | -e | -i | -i | -ẽ | -i |
| Plural inclusive | -e | -e | -a | N/A | -e | |
| Plural exclusive | -u | -u | -u | -ũ | -u | |
| 2nd | Singular | -u | -u | -u | -Ø | -u |
| Plural | -a | -a | -a | -a | -a | |
| 3rd | Singular | -e | -ā | -a | -u | -i |
| Plural | -anti | -e | -e | -antu | -anti | |
When preceded by ā, the conditional suffix -ant becomes -ānt- or -nt-. Otherwise, the auxiliary thā becomes th before a vowel.
Negation
[edit]Any finite verb can be negated by adding nāhĩ afterwards. In the Present Progressive and Present Perfect, nāhĩ or the suffix n with personal agreement may replace the auxiliary, as in kar-u-n-i/kar-u-nāhĩ "I am not doing." Other verbs in the Progressive or Perfect aspects may be negated by adding na- before the auxiliary, as in dekh-i-na-thi-li.
Causatives
[edit]The causative in Odia is formed by the suffic ā at the end of a stem. An ā in the root then changes to a.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa (PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 36. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Grierson, G.A. (1903–28). Linguistic Survey of India. India: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 367. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
Bibliography
[edit]- Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A grammar of Oriya (PDF). Zürich: Universität Zürich. ISBN 3-9521010-9-5. OCLC 53903369.
- Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5
- Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- John Beames, A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
- Hallam, Ebenezer (1874), Oriya Grammar for English Students, Baptist Mission Press
- Sutton, Amos (1831), An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language, Baptist Mission Press, ISBN 9785878188555
{{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Mahapatra, B.P. (2007), A synchronic grammar of Oriya : standard spoken and written, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, OCLC 269283851
Further reading
[edit]- Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, 5th ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993
- Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., Grammar and Composition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982
- Dhal, Golok Behari, Introduction to Oriya Phonetics, 1961
- Ghosh, A, An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa, Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan, 2003
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). The History of Oriya Literature (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
.png){kind=small}
