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Omurano language
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| Omurano | |
|---|---|
| Mayna | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Ethnicity | Maina |
| Extinct | 2006, with the death of Esteban Macusi[1] <10 rememberers (2013)[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | omu |
| Glottolog | omur1241 |
Omurano is a language isolate from Peru.[2] It is also known as Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, and Mayna. The language was presumed to have become extinct by 1958 from a measles epidemic,[3][2] but in 2011 a rememberer was found who knew some 20 words in Omurano; he claimed that there were still people who could speak it.[1] The community has otherwise switched to Urarina, another language isolate.
It was spoken near the Urituyacu River (a tributary of the Marañón River),[4] or on the Nucuray River according to Loukotka (1968).[5]
Classification
[edit]Tovar (1961) linked Omurano to Taushiro (and later Taushiro with Kandoshi); Kaufman (1994) finds the links reasonable, and in 2007 he classified Omurano and Taushiro (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages.
Maynas, once mistaken for a synonym, is a separate language.
Despite there being previous proposals linking Omurano with Zaparoan, de Carvalho (2013) finds no evidence for this.[4]
Language contact
[edit]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Urarina, Arawak, Zaparo, and Leko language families due to contact.[6]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Omurano has 10 consonants. No fricative or velar consonants have been attested.[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveopalatal | Palatal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | |||
| Stop | p | b | t | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Glide | j | |||||
Vowels
[edit]Omurano has 5 vowel qualities. Nasal vowel counterparts are only present for [i]. Length is not phonemic.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | nasal | |||
| High | i | ĩ | u | |
| Mid | e | o | ||
| Low | a | |||
Tone
[edit]Omurano has two surface-level tones, high and low.[2]
Vocabulary
[edit]A word list by Tessmann (1930) is the primary source for Omurano lexical data.[7]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[5]
gloss Omurana one nadzóra two dzoʔóra head na-neyalok eye an-atn woman mparáwan fire íno sun héna star dzuñ maize aíchia house ána white chalama
Comparison
[edit]| gloss | Omurano | Taushiro | Urarina | Candoshi | Achuar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| young man | ɾáwànà | enamanaː | kanugaasi | nátsa | |
| lazy person | t͡ʃàtàné t͡ʃàtánè |
wamiŋkaanuɾi | náki | ||
| scabied person | wìt͡ʃúmà | ʃaapi | mámu | ||
| white person | nàt͡ʃúɾì | nìjí | iŋkɾisa | ìŋkis | |
| old person | bùɾú | jèjú | biːna | weámɾau | |
| water | t͡ʃùá | wéì | akaʉ | kuŋku | júmi |
| manioc beer | t͡ʃùá | ahʲãnehoke | baɽʉe | kapuʂi | hamánt͡ʃ |
| agouti | pùɾìmá | wɨ̀ntɨ́ | mami | punt͡ʃuwa | kãjū́k |
| paca | jàpú | àjáwà | it͡ɕa | maʂaaʂi | káʃai |
| collared peccary | t͡ʃàné | hùjóntò | ubana | kaʂuuma | jaŋkipík |
| white-lipped peccary | àné | tàjá | ɽaːna | waŋkaana | páki |
| dog | màɾàt͡ʃí màɾát͡ʃì |
wànántà | ɽeːmae | tumuuʂi | jãwã́ã |
| spider monkey | bàbàné | àhú | alau | t͡ʃuupa | wáʃi |
| howler monkey | màɾìàbé | wàʔná | ɽuɽu | ʂant͡ʃiiʂi | jakúm |
| woolly monkey | lùné | àhúntù | aɽauata | t͡ʃuɾu | t͡ʃuː |
| deer | àlámàɾé | ùʔwéwì | ukwaːe | mant͡ʃani | hápa |
| tapir | làùtùmé làùtùmá |
xèhí | aɽãla | pamaɾa | pamá |
| curassow | tátànà | éìntì | ataɽi | maʃu | máʃu |
| blue-throated piping guan | nàpít͡ʃù | wàhìnó | kʉeːɽi | wat͡ʃuɾu | kúju |
| Spix's guan | t͡ʃàùɾí | tèntá | enʉɽi | kaɾuntsi | aúnts |
| fish | màmá | éìnà | ate | kajupt͡ʃi | namák |
| manioc | jùné | àhʲã́ | laːnu | kaʂinʂi | máma |
| plantain | pùɾá | àntá | fʷanaɽa | paɾantama | pánːtam |
| ayahuasca | ìjùné | ànùʔwɨ́ | iɲunu kʷ aiɽi |
ʂuɾuupʂi | natém |
| canoe | òpí | tɨ̀nɨ́ntɨ̀ | enanihʲa | kanu | kánu |
| paddle | túnìt͡ʃà | kiha | pitʂi | kawín | |
| blowgun | pìt͡ʃàná | ànètá | hic͡ɕana | ʃuŋkanaaʂi | uːm |
| I (1SG) | nàùɾú | úì | kanʉ | nu, nuwa | wi |
See also
[edit]- Maina Indians
- Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin
- Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
Further reading
[edit]- O'Hagan, Zachary J. (2011). Omurano field notes. (Manuscript).
References
[edit]
- ^ a b O'Hagan, Zachary J. (22 September 2011). "Informe de campo del idioma omurano" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g O’Hagan, Zachary (2023-01-16), Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.), "20 Omurano", Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 939–956, doi:10.1515/9783110432732-007, ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2, retrieved 2025-03-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ Omurano language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2013-10-25). "On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (1): 91–116. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i1.16544. ISSN 2317-1375.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: grundlegende Forschungen für eine systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, de Gruyter.