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The Energy Portal Welcome to Wikipedia's Energy portal, your gateway to energy. This portal is aimed at giving you access to all energy related topics in all of its forms.

Page contents: Selected article • Selected image • Selected biography • Did you know? • General images • Quotations • Related portals • Wikiprojects • Major topics • Categories • Help • Associated Wikimedia

Introduction

A plasma globe using electrical energy to create plasma, light, heat, movement, and a faint sound

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the capacity to do work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutually exclusive.

All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. (Full article...)

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Selected article

On 11 March 2011 the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster began, following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami off the northeast coast of Japan. The tsunami disabled emergency generators required to cool the reactors. Over the following three weeks nuclear meltdowns occurred in units 1, 2 and 3; visible explosions, suspected to be caused by hydrogen gas, in units 1 and 3; a suspected explosion in unit 2, that may have damaged the primary containment vessel; and a possible uncovering of the units 1, 3 and 4 spent fuel pools. 50,000 households were evacuated after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish.

On 5 July 2012, the Japanese National Diet appointed The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) submitted its inquiry report to the Japanese Diet. The Commission found the nuclear disaster was "manmade", that the direct causes of the accident were all foreseeable prior to 11 March 2011. The report also found that the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was incapable of withstanding the earthquake and tsunami.

The Fukushima disaster was the worst nuclear accident in 25 years. The events at units 1, 2 and 3 have been rated at Level 7 (major release of radioactive material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures) on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

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Photo credit: Johnson Space Center/NASA
Tropical cyclones feed on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapor condenses.

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Did you know?

• The development of renewable energy in Iceland means that by 2050 the country should be the world's first zero-carbon economy?

• World's two largest oil shale-fired power plants (Narva Power Plants) generate more than 90% of power in Estonia?

• NW Natural in Portland, Oregon was the first gas company in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States when it started in 1859?

• The Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy is responsible for America's Strategic Petroleum Reserve?

• Despite declines in production in recent years, Victoria still produces almost 20% of Australia's crude oil?

• 4.26 million tonnes of the Sun are converted to energy every second by nuclear fusion?

• The first gasworks in the United Kingdom was built by the Gas Light and Coke Company, incorporated by Royal Charter in 1812?

• The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was a central plot point in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough?

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Selected biography

James Watt (19 January 1736 – 19 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor and engineer. His improvements to the steam engine, which had hardly changed for fifty years, produced a source of power that transformed the world of work, and was the key innovation that brought forth the Industrial Revolution.

In recognition of Watt's achievements, the SI unit of power, the watt, is named after him.

James Watt was born on 19th of January, 1736 in Greenock, a seaport on the Firth of Clyde. His father was a shipwright, shipowner and contractor, while his mother, Agnes Muirhead, came from a distinguished family and was well-educated. Both were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters. Watt attended school irregularly and instead was mostly schooled at home by his mother.

After studying instrument-making for a year in London, the University of Glasgow offered him the opportunity to set up a small workshop within the university. It was established in 1757. After four years, Watt began to experiment with steam, finally producing a working model steam engine in 1765. Strapped for resources to develop a full-scale engine, Watt was forced to take up employment as a surveyor for eight years. Finally, in 1776, the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises.

After further improvements, Watt and foundry owner Matthew Boulton established Boulton and Watt in 1794 to exclusively manufacture steam engines. By 1824 it had produced 1,164 steam engines having a total nominal horsepower of about 26,000.

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In the news

24 April 2026 – Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war

The International Energy Agency estimates that the damage to liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities in Qatar will strain the natural gas market for at least two years, and along with the Strait of Hormuz closure, will cause the loss of 120 billion cubic meters of LNG supply by 2030. (CBS News)

22 April 2026 – Germany–Russia relations, Russia in the European energy sector

Russia announces it will halt the transport of Kazakh oil to Germany via the Druzhba pipeline starting May 1, citing technical reasons, while the German economic ministry states that the interruption is not expected to significantly disrupt fuel supply. (AFP via France 24)

17 April 2026 – Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war

China–Turkmenistan relations, Energy in Turkmenistan

The United States issues a one-month sanctions waiver allowing the sale of Russian petroleum products already in transit to help stabilize global energy supply. (AFP via ABS-CBN News)

A South Korean tanker transports crude oil to the country via the Red Sea for the first time since disruptions to the Strait of Hormuz, as the government implements alternative supply routes to secure energy imports. (AFP via CNA)

General images

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Image 1Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 2Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load (from Solar power)
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  Image 3Baton Rouge Refinery (the sixth-largest in the United States) (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 4Sample of gasoline (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 5Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 6Sample of crude oil (petroleum) (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 7A pipeline odorant injection station (from Natural gas)
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  Image 8Buildings in the Solar Settlement at Schlierberg, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 9The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from Natural gas)
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  Image 10Map of solar resources from World bank (from Solar power)
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  Image 11Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 12Electricity production by source (from Solar power)
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  Image 13Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering a pressurized water reactor in the United States (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 14For cooking, electric induction stoves are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 15Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 16Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy
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  Image 17Grangemouth Refinery, in Scotland (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 18Natural gas bus in Salamanca, Spain (from Natural gas)
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  Image 19The Calder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 20China's count of multi-country patent filings has surged since the mid-2010s, leading in batteries and solar, though Europe still dominates in wind energy and smart grids. China also leads in highly cited publications in global peer-reviewed journals. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 21Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes, Washington (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 22Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system (from Solar power)
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  Image 23Passive cooling features, such as these windcatcher towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 24The town of Pripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 25Wind turbines in Xinjiang, China
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  Image 26A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 27A woman in rural Rajasthan, India, collects firewood. The use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking causes millions of deaths each year from indoor and outdoor air pollution. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 28The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas. (from Natural gas)
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  Image 29Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 30Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 31Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural uranium ore over time (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 32Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be zero-emissions vehicles. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 33A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from Solar power)
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  Image 34Oil refinery in Iran (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 35Neste Oil refinery in Porvoo, Finland (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 36Sulphur (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 37Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 38Enhanced geothermal system 1: Reservoir 2: Pump house 3: Heat exchanger 4: Turbine hall 5: Production well 6: Injection well 7: Hot water to district heating 8: Porous sediments 9: Observation well 10: Crystalline bedrock (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 39Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from Solar power)
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  Image 40Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine (from Natural gas)
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  Image 41The map shows the commercial nuclear power plants in the world. Research reactors are not considered nuclear power plants.

    Operating reactors, building new reactors

    Operating reactors, planning new build

    No reactors, building new reactors

    No reactors, new in planning

    Operating reactors, stable

    Operating reactors, decided on phase-out

    Civil nuclear power is illegal

    No reactors

  (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 42Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 43World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 44Proportions of the isotopes uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in enriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while CANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 45Yearly solar generation by continent (from Solar power)
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  Image 46Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 47Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from Natural gas)
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  Image 48Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from Natural gas)
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  Image 49Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (from Solar power)
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  Image 50Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 51Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from Solar power)
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  Image 52Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from Natural gas)
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  Image 53Hydro generation by country, 2021 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 54Anacortes Refinery, on the north end of March Point southeast of Anacortes, Washington, United States (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 55Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from Natural gas)
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  Image 56The 120-MW_e Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 57Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp. Biogas produced from biomass is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 58A gas bill from Baltimore, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from Natural gas)
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  Image 59Motor oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 60Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 61The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 62The US has been counting on private industry to lead in fusion power, while more recently China's government has made fusion a national priority. In 2025, $2.1 billion was poured into a single Chinese state-owned fusion company, an amount two and a half times the U.S. Energy Department's annual fusion budget. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 63Oil refinery in Brod, Republika Srpska (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 64Cracks at the historic Town Hall of Staufen im Breisgau presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 65Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of wind energy, nuclear energy or solar energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Natural gas)
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  Image 66Sample of diesel fuel (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 67A sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 68Cylinders of liquified petroleum gas (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 69Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the first EPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 70Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria (from Natural gas)
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  Image 71Yearly hydro generation by continent (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 72Construction close to high-pressure gas-transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from Natural gas)
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  Image 73The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from Solar power)
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  Image 74The oil refinery in Haifa, Israel, is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year. Its two cooling towers are landmarks of the city's skyline. (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 75Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 76Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 77Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity. (from Solar power)
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  Image 78Production of technology such as renewable energy sources starts a positive feedback loop to form what has been called a virtuous cycle—the opposite of a vicious cycle. For example, as more and more solar modules are deployed, prices fall because of the economies of scale, allowing the technology to become cost-competitive in new applications that in turn increase demand for more deployment. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 79Countries' proven natural gas reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from Natural gas)
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  Image 80Geothermal power center in the Usulután Department, El Salvador (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 81Sample of kerosene (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 82Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 83The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In nuclear reprocessing, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 84Jamnagar Refinery, the world's largest oil refinery, in Gujarat, India (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 85A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 86Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 87Typical composition of uranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in the once-through nuclear fuel cycle of a LWR (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 88Yearly geothermal generation by continent (from Geothermal power)
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  Image 89A comparison of levelized cost of energy (LCOE) over time for nuclear power and other sources. While wind turbines and solar panels can be mass-produced and thus enjoy learning curve effects, nuclear are almost always one-of-a-kind projects due to the limited number of reactors being built. The source of this chart, Our World in Data notes that the costs presented here is the global average, and these costs were driven up by 2 projects in the United States. The organization recognises that the median cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean APR1400, remained "constant", including in export. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 90Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 91The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by using a secondary coolant heat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large cooling towers (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 92Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from Natural gas)
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  Image 93Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" to refer to kinetic energy in its modern sense, in 1802. (from History of energy)
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  Image 94Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 95Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from Oil refinery)
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  Image 96Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 97Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 98Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by IPCC (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 99The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as the Curiosity Mars rover (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 100Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from Solar power)
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  Image 101Natural gas drilling rig in Texas, US (from Natural gas)
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  Image 102The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 103Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and radiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handled hot cells. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 104The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits (from Natural gas)
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  Image 105Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in Užice, Serbia, built in 1900 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 106The outdoor section of a heat pump. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 107The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 108Schematic of the ITER tokamak under construction in France (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 109Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California (from Solar power)
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  Image 110The launching ceremony of USS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the North Pole. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 111Community solar farm in the town of Wheatland, Wisconsin (from Solar power)
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  Image 112Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 113The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at EBR-1 at Argonne National Laboratory-West (now the Idaho National Laboratory), December 20, 1951. (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 114The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 115Honda Civic GX, a natural gas-powered automobile sold in North America from 1998 to 2015 (from Natural gas)
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  Image 116A photovoltaic power station in California, United States
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  Image 117Electrification rates of different countries compared to OECD Europe (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 118Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench (from Natural gas)
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  Image 119Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (from Nuclear power)
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  Image 120Guri Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Venezuela (from Sustainable energy)
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  Image 121Russia was a key oil and gas supplier to Europe (map from 2013). This changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (from Energy policy)
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  Image 122Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from Solar power)
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  Image 123Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from Energy policy)
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  Image 124Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from Natural gas)
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  Image 125The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power-producing facility of any kind. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 126A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Image 127Utility cycling infrastructure, such as this bike lane in Vancouver, encourages sustainable transport. (from Sustainable energy)

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Quotations

• "The world's second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases is China. Yet, China was entirely exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. India and Germany are among the top emitters. Yet, India was also exempt from Kyoto." – George W. Bush, 2001
• "The newly industrialized States cannot, for example, be asked to apply restrictive environmental standards to their emerging industries unless the industrialized States first apply them within their own boundaries." – Pope John Paul II, 1990
• "We should work together to make sure the international community upholds the goals and framework established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities." – Hu Jintao, 2007

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WikiProjects

WikiProjects connected with energy:

• WikiProject Energy
• Oil megaprojects task force

Other WikiProjects that may be of interest:

• WikiProject Environment
• WikiProject Technology
• WikiProject Biography

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