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Space Weather Modeling Framework

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Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF)
DeveloperUniversity of Michigan Center for Space Environment Modeling
Initial release2005; 21 years ago (2005)
Repositorygithub.com/SWMFsoftware/SWMF
Written inFortran, MPI, OpenMP
Operating systemLinux, Unix-like
PlatformHPC clusters, Supercomputers
Available inEnglish
TypeScientific computing, Space weather modeling
Websiteclasp.engin.umich.edu/research/theory-computational-methods/space-weather-modeling-framework/

The Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) is a modular, high-performance software system for physics-based simulations of the Sun–Earth space environment. It couples domain models of the solar corona, heliosphere, magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and radiation belts to enable comprehensive Sun-to-Earth modeling runs.

The framework was developed at the University of Michigan's Center for Space Environment Modeling and first described as a "plug-and-play type framework" in 2005.[1] The framework's algorithms and adaptive numerical methods were detailed in 2012, demonstrating that SWMF enables "even short-term forecasting" when driven by observational data.[2]

For operational forecasting, NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center adopted the University of Michigan Geospace configuration of SWMF in 2017 and upgraded it to Version 2.0 on February 3, 2021.[3] NOAA characterizes the Geospace model as a "first-principles physics-based model."[4]

Framework

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SWMF provides a controller, standardized interfaces, and parallel couplers that enable modelers to select any physically meaningful subset of domain components and run them concurrently on distributed-memory supercomputers.[1] The framework integrates Sun-to-Earth modeling chains to study coronal heating, solar wind, coronal mass ejections, global magnetospheric dynamics, ionospheric electrodynamics, ring current evolution, plasmaspheric dynamics, and radiation belt transport. Space physicist Tamas I. Gombosi describes SWMF as "fully functional, documented software" that delivers community reproducibility and sustained performance for space weather research and forecasting.[5]

The framework evolved from the BATS-R-US magnetohydrodynamics code and research on adaptive upwind methods for ideal MHD.[6][7] Early applications included retrospective simulations of the October–November 2003 "Halloween" storms and community validation campaigns coordinated with NASA's CCMC.[8][9] Gombosi and collaborators documented two decades of sustained, multi-institutional development that led to research and operational maturity.[5]

Architecture and components

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SWMF organizes the Sun–to–Earth system into physics components that exchange data through the framework's couplers.[10] Components include:

  • Solar Corona (SC) and Inner Heliosphere (IH), typically solved with the Alfvén wave Solar atmosphere Model, AWSoM or AWSoM-R, which treats coronal heating and solar wind acceleration through low-frequency Alfvén-wave turbulence.[11][12][13]
  • Eruptive Event Generator (EE) components used to initiate CMEs with a data-constrained Gibson–Low flux rope through the EEGGL tool.[14][15]
  • Global Magnetosphere (GM), usually solved by the BATS-R-US MHD solver on a block-adaptive grid.[16][17]
  • Ionosphere Electrodynamics (IE), represented by the Ridley Ionosphere Model, which solves the height-integrated electrostatic potential from field-aligned currents and conductance estimates.[18][9]
  • Inner Magnetosphere (IM), often the Rice Convection Model for ring-current and inner plasma sheet dynamics, coupled two-way to GM.[19]
  • Radiation Belt (RB), Plasmasphere (PS), Polar Wind (PW), Upper Atmosphere (UA/GITM), and related optional components.[20]

BATS-R-US solves the conservative MHD equations with an eight-wave Roe-type approximate Riemann solver and uses divergence control to maintain a solenoidal magnetic field.[6][7] The solver runs on a block-adaptive tree data structure with dynamic mesh refinement and domain decomposition. SWMF is primarily written in modern Fortran with make-based builds and MPI for distributed memory, with hybrid OpenMP acceleration on multi-core nodes. Performance studies report scaling to hundreds of thousands of cores and runs that are "faster than real time" for operational geospace workloads.[21][22]

Operational use

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SWMF has undergone community validation for ground magnetic perturbations and Dst/Kp metrics and has operated in real time at the CCMC for retrospective skill assessment.[9][23] NOAA's operational Geospace products include global activity plots, ground magnetic perturbation maps, and magnetosphere visualizations, all powered by the SWMF Geospace model configuration that incorporates BATS-R-US, RIM, and RCM components.[4][24][3] Space physicist Howard Singer and colleagues note that the coupled model uses near-real-time solar wind observations to provide global context for forecasters.[25]

Researchers employ SWMF to reconstruct specific historical events and explore coupled Sun-to-Earth processes. Notable studies include analysis of the extreme 23 July 2012 event, where SWMF was used to examine the potential geomagnetically induced electric field hazard if the CME had struck Earth.[26] Heliosphere configurations combine AWSoM or AWSoM-R with EEGGL and energetic-particle solvers such as M-FLAMPA to study particle acceleration and transport, enabling ensemble forecasts and uncertainty quantification for CME arrival and SEP impacts.[5][27] Public archives host ensemble geospace simulations that support method intercomparison and reproducibility.[28]

The SWMF source code and user manuals are maintained in public repositories.[20] The University of Michigan provides overview materials, downloadable utilities, and information on user meetings. The BATS-R-US solver is essential for the framework's efficiency, often achieving performance "faster than real time" for forecasting applications.[22] SWMF simulations can be requested through NASA's Community Coordinated Modeling Center via a web interface for research and education purposes, which reduces barriers to reproducing and assessing Sun-to-Earth simulations.[10]

SWMF has gained recognition in the space physics community as a modular framework that enables coupling of multiple physical domains across different spatial and temporal scales. Computational space physicist Gábor Tóth described the core design as a "plug-and-play type framework" that reduces integration costs across domains.[1] Gombosi characterized it as "fully functional, documented software" that supports shared standards and sustained development.[5] NOAA describes the operational Geospace implementation as a "first-principles physics-based model", emphasizing the community's focus on physics fidelity over purely empirical approaches.[4] Performance studies demonstrate "faster than real time" magnetospheric simulations on petascale systems, which enables continuous operational cycling and rapid scenario testing.[21][22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Tóth, Gábor (2005), "Space Weather Modeling Framework: A new tool for the space science community", Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 110 (A12) 2005JA011126: A12226, Bibcode:2005JGRA..11012226T, doi:10.1029/2005JA011126
  2. ^ Tóth, Gábor (2012), "Adaptive numerical algorithms in space weather modeling", Journal of Computational Physics, 231 (3): 870–903, Bibcode:2012JCoPh.231..870T, doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2011.02.006
  3. ^ a b Geospace Model Version 2.0 Begins Operations in Support of Power Grids, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, 2021-02-02
  4. ^ a b c Geospace Ground Magnetic Perturbation Maps, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  5. ^ a b c d Gombosi, Tamas I. (2021), "What sustained multi-disciplinary research can achieve: The Space Weather Modeling Framework", Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 11: 42, arXiv:2105.13227, Bibcode:2021JSWSC..11...42G, doi:10.1051/swsc/2021020, 20
  6. ^ a b Powell, Kenneth G. (1999), "A solution-adaptive upwind scheme for ideal magnetohydrodynamics", Journal of Computational Physics, 154 (2): 284–309, Bibcode:1999JCoPh.154..284P, doi:10.1006/jcph.1999.6299
  7. ^ a b Ridley, Aaron J.; Tóth, Gábor (2010), "Numerical considerations in simulating the global magnetosphere" (PDF), Annales Geophysicae, 28 (8): 1589–1614, Bibcode:2010AnGeo..28.1589R, doi:10.5194/angeo-28-1589-2010
  8. ^ New Framework Confronts a Monster Space Weather Event, HPCwire, 2004-12-03
  9. ^ a b c Pulkkinen, Antti (2013), "Community-wide validation of geospace model ground magnetic field perturbation predictions to support model transition to operations" (PDF), Space Weather, 11 (6): 369–385, Bibcode:2013SpWea..11..369P, doi:10.1002/swe.20056
  10. ^ a b SWMF 2023, NASA Community Coordinated Modeling Center
  11. ^ van der Holst, Bart (2014), "ALFVÉN WAVE SOLAR MODEL (AWSoM): CORONAL HEATING", The Astrophysical Journal, 782 (2): 81, arXiv:1311.4093, Bibcode:2014ApJ...782...81V, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/81, 1311.4093
  12. ^ Meng, X. (2015), "Alfvén Wave Solar Model: proton temperature anisotropy and solar wind acceleration", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 454: 3697–3709, doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2249
  13. ^ SWMF/AWSoM_R 1.0, NASA CCMC
  14. ^ Borovikov, Dmitry (2017), "Eruptive event generator based on the Gibson–Low magnetic configuration" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122 (8): 7979–7984, arXiv:1708.01635, Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.7979B, doi:10.1002/2017JA024304
  15. ^ Eruptive Event Generator Gibson–Low (EEGGL), NASA CCMC
  16. ^ CMPD description of BATS-R-US, University of Maryland/CSCAMP
  17. ^ SWMF/GM=BATS-R-US model description, NASA CCMC
  18. ^ Ridley, Aaron J. (2006), "The Global Ionosphere–Thermosphere Model", Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68 (8): 839–864, Bibcode:2006JASTP..68..839R, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.01.008
  19. ^ Toffoletto, Frank (2003), "Inner magnetospheric modeling with the Rice Convection Model", Space Science Reviews, 107 (1): 175–196, Bibcode:2003SSRv..107..175T, doi:10.1023/A:1025532008047
  20. ^ a b SWMF software repository, SWMFsoftware on GitHub
  21. ^ a b Tóth, Gábor (2019), Scaling the BATS–R–US MHD model to over 300,000 cores on Blue Waters (PDF), NCSA Blue Waters Annual Report
  22. ^ a b c Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) overview, University of Michigan, CLASP
  23. ^ Liemohn, Michael W. (2018), "Real-Time SWMF at CCMC: Assessing the Dst Output From the Geospace Model", Space Weather, 16: 1583–1603, doi:10.1029/2018SW001953
  24. ^ Geospace Magnetosphere Movies, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  25. ^ Singer, Howard (2022), "NOAA SWPC's Operational Geospace Model", 44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly Abstracts, 44: 3445, Bibcode:2022cosp...44.3445S
  26. ^ Ngwira, Chigomezyo (2013), "Simulation of the 23 July 2012 extreme space weather event" (PDF), Space Weather, 11: 671–679, doi:10.1002/2013SW000990
  27. ^ Zhao, Lulu (2024), "Solar Wind with Field Lines and Energetic Particles (SOFIE) Model: Application to Historical Solar Energetic Particle Events", ESS Open Archive Preprint, 22 (9) e2023SW003729, arXiv:2309.16903, Bibcode:2024SpWea..2203729Z, doi:10.1029/2023SW003729
  28. ^ Morley, Steven K.; Welling, Daniel T.; Woodroffe, Jesse R. (2018), Space Weather Modeling Framework ensemble simulations, doi:10.5281/zenodo.1324563
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