DZ
DefZone.Net

Kien thuc cong nghe & giai tri

  1. Home
  2. Wiki
Good articleLondon has been listed as one of the Geography and places good articles under the good article criteria. If you can improve it further, please do so. If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it.
Article milestones
DateProcessResult
August 22, 2005Peer reviewReviewed
April 19, 2006Good article nomineeNot listed
May 14, 2006Peer reviewReviewed
June 11, 2006Good article nomineeListed
September 1, 2006Peer reviewReviewed
September 19, 2006Featured article candidateNot promoted
September 3, 2007Featured article candidateNot promoted
September 18, 2007Good article reassessmentKept
May 29, 2008Peer reviewReviewed
June 10, 2008Featured article candidateNot promoted
October 12, 2008Peer reviewReviewed
November 4, 2008Featured article candidateNot promoted
Current status: Good article


London Bridge

The Postman's Knock

[edit]

For the statement...

Since the 19th century,[10][11] the name "London" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London,

...the source [11] ...

The Postman's Knock, Chambers's Edinburgh Journal (1857)

... is incomplete. I presume it refers to ...

Chambers's Journal (27 June 1857) pp. 397-400

...in which case, I think it's WP:OR to cite the article as proof that the metropolis was called "London". It's arguably an instance of such a use in 1857, but it's not a commentary on such use. It is a WP: PRIMARY source and as such to be avoided. As with most primary sources, the interpretation is arguable; it's talking about the recent creation of London postal districts, which were an improvement on the previous central sorting in a building in the City of London. The discussion relates to London as a postal town, which is a rather technical sense in which every town refers to a broader hinterland. jnestorius(talk) 04:13, 26 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]

Here is a commentary from 1848:
Strictly speaking, the city of London is still confined within its ancient bounds, and the limits of the corporate jurisdiction; but as a continuity of buildings has connected it with Westminster, Southwark, and the neighbouring villages and hamlets, the name is, in common usage, given to them all collectively, their respective proper names being no more than subdivisions of one great metropolis.
--- 'London', in A Topographical Dictionary of England (London, 1848) Samuel Lewis ed.
jnestorius(talk) 16:20, 26 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
London = the city called London, the Capital City.
Greater London = The metropolitan county containing 32 boroughs and the City called London.
Greater London Authority = speaks for itself.
Mayor of Greater London = Sadiq Khan'
City of London Corporation = City of London local authority.
Mayor of London = Alastair King. 86.25.249.162 (talk) 23:15, 24 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]
You seem to write "City called London" when you mean City of London? In what sense is that the "Capital City"? Most of the organs of government are in the City of Westminster:
Executive Administrative Legislative Judicial Diplomatic Head of State
10 Downing Street Whitehall Palace of Westminster Middlesex Guildhall St James's Palace Buckingham Palace
jnestorius(talk) 23:46, 24 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]

Edit review

[edit]

I updated a few images in my edit here here. Do you agree with what I changed or not? If so, please change aspects instead of a full revert. Thank you very much! Anglo3334 (talk) 10:47, 4 August 2025 (UTC)(Nota bene Blocked sockpuppet of Lam312321321, see investigation)[reply]

"Updating" images is not a reason for altering them (and in mass numbers). I know you are a new editor, but the images in the article have been selected via editors collaborating over years for numerous reasons, including: aligning with the relevant text, spaced out to ensure there is no cramping text or overflow issue (image size has been factored in whether its landscape or portrait), and that they provide the clearest view of the subject. Your changes were too sweeping and altered those requirements. This is rated as a good article (GA symbol at the top) and the images play a part in that. You would need to break it down, start small, why an image should be altered, and gain a consensus from editors. Nampa DC (talk) 17:29, 4 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The issue is that Wikipedia is a constantly evolving project. You can't just keep the same images here indefinitely; they'll be updated by editors, and that's totally allowed. I'm a little puzzled by your comment that my image changes don't align with the text: I believe they do, at least from my perspective. I also corrected a few typos and fixed a gallery in the history section that was only showing one image, as the other image was taken down by Wikipedia Commons.
Honestly, I made all my changes in little bits, not all at once. If you spot an issue with one of my edits, feel free to fix it instead of doing a complete rollback, which would bring back typos and mess up the image gallery under history, @Nampa DC.
Me being a newbie is unrelated. Anglo3334 (talk) 21:09, 4 August 2025 (UTC)(Nota bene Blocked sockpuppet of Lam312321321, see investigation)[reply]
So many issues. Images unrelated to text. Inferior images. Too many to go through one by one as there are a host of them. You mention them on here with your rationale to get a response. And being a newbie is relevant as those of us who have worked on this article, and others, have done so while adhering to policy. Hells Bells7 (talk) 21:50, 4 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I did fix a typo, though, which I have corrected again. I appreciate your comments and won't make those changes now. But could you at least keep my changes regarding the typo and maybe the image gallery under history, which is currently missing an image? Thank you. Anglo3334 (talk) 21:55, 4 August 2025 (UTC)(Nota bene Blocked sockpuppet of Lam312321321, see investigation)[reply]
The issue is you're seemingly happy to employ a double standard where your changes, for what may be a very good reason, get to go live over others' objections, but once you've done the B in WP:BRD you suddenly have an issue with people making significant changes with the R in BRD. You're undoing someone else's work too, you know, and that equivalence is why we have the norms we do about preferring the status quo while consensus is ironed out. Remsense 🌈 论 21:55, 4 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for the comment. I am trying to learn and improve. Anglo3334 (talk) 21:56, 4 August 2025 (UTC)(Nota bene Blocked sockpuppet of Lam312321321, see investigation)[reply]
To wrap this up: I sincerely apologise @Hells Bells7, @Nampa DC, and @Remsense for the problems I have created here. My intentions were not malicious; I did not aim to instigate edit wars. I genuinely believed that the edits I made were beneficial. I am eager to learn, and although my contributions were not up to standard and were bad, I will take the feedback into account and refrain from implementing any further changes. My goal was simply to improve the article, and while I am relatively new to this platform, I recognise that I was mistaken in proceeding with with my edits.
That said, I did attempt to correct a typo error in the article and to address the missing image in the media gallery under the history section. Would you be willing to retain that edit? I will not be making any further edits to the article at this time. Best wishes and regards. Anglo3334 (talk) 22:03, 4 August 2025 (UTC)(Nota bene Blocked sockpuppet of Lam312321321, see investigation)[reply]
The missing gallery image was from Londinium. It had been deleted due to a copyright violation. Nobody had filled that in so it's good you brought that to our attention. The statue of Trajan, while decent enough, isn't directly about London, or Roman London, as he never set foot in London or Britain nor had any role in its founding. It's basically just ornamental. It would need to be more about London so I took another image from the Londinium article, one of an inscription with the first mention from the Romans of Londoners. On a general point, which applies across wikipedia articles, images should not push down images from another section as it can move an image away from the text they are related to. Hells Bells7 (talk) 00:28, 5 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]

Number of local authorities

[edit]

The statement about London/Greater London having 33 local authorities appears to be incorrect. Within the "London" region there are 32 principal authorities, the London borough councils and 2 non principal authorities namely City of London Corporation and Queen's Park Community Council which are not principal. There are also other local authorities outside the London region but are or were part of the BUA such as Epsom and Ewell Borough Council. Crouch, Swale (talk) 18:35, 5 November 2025 (UTC)[reply]

Most sources I've seen list the CoLC and the London boroughs as equivalent as it delivers the same services as the boroughs (see [1] and [2] for example) remember that the CoLC is something of a unique legal anomoly which doesn't fit into any usual definitions. G-13114 (talk) 19:46, 5 November 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Isn't QPCC just a parish council? Remarkable for being the only one in Greater London but not to be mentioned in the same sentence or count as the London boroughs or the City of London which is very much not a parish council. Dgp4004 (talk) 20:54, 5 November 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Indeed, the 32 boroughs plus the City form what those in mathematical circles might call a partition of the whole of London. Including the QPCC as a 33rd authority, which is wholly contained within, and subordinate to, the borough of Westminster, does not seem particularly called for here.  — Amakuru (talk) 21:00, 5 November 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Yes QPCC is a parish council like those in (normally) rural areas. I would suggest something like saying that the London region contains the 32 London borough councils, the City of London Corporation and Queen's Park Community Council which is subordinate to Westminster. Given the fact that there is only 1 parish council we can easily name it but if there were many it would probably just be better just to say the number like we can for the London boroughs. Crouch, Swale (talk) 22:37, 5 November 2025 (UTC)[reply]

Coat of arms of the Greater London Authority

[edit]

The Greater London Authority was granted the right to use the arms of the former Greater London Council by King Charles III and the College of Arms on 2 December 2025. Should the coat of arms of the GLA now be displayed on the infobox of this page, or at least in the main body of the article? - https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/5009529 - https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/the-king-grants-the-mayor-of-london-permission-to-use-the-glcs-historic-coat-of-arms-85896/ - Dn9ahx (talk) 15:26, 7 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]

As there were no objections, I have put this into effect. Dn9ahx (talk) 13:16, 12 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]
As the coat for arms for Greater London it belongs in that article, not here, the city article. See Rome and Paris for comparison, those articles have the coat of arms representing their respective cities. Nampa DC (talk) 05:35, 14 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]

'Ethnic groups' and 'Religion' sub-sections with suggested improvements

[edit]

Ethnic groups (current)

[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups in London
Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2001-21 Census
White
White (53.8%, 2021)
Asian
Asian (20.8%, 2021)
Black
Black (13.5%, 2021)

According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2021 census, 53.8% of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 36.8% White British, 1.8% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy or Irish Traveller, 0.4% Roma and 14.7% classified as Other White.[1] Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descent and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 3.7% and 3.3% respectively. Chinese people accounted for 1.7%, and Arabs for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian."[1] 15.9% of London's population were of Black or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. Black Africans accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as Black Caribbean, and 1.7% as "Other Black." 5.7% were of mixed race.[1] This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[2][3] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[4] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[5] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[6] which fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[5]

As of 2021 the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[7] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[8]

Religion (current)

[edit]
Main article: Religion in London
See also: List of churches in London
Religion in London (2021):[9]
  1. Christianity (40.7%)
  2. No religion (27.1%)
  3. Islam (15.0%)
  4. Hinduism (5.15%)
  5. Judaism (1.65%)
  6. Sikhism (1.64%)
  7. Buddhism (0.99%)
  8. Other religions (0.88%)
  9. Religion not stated (7.00%)

According to the 2021 Census, the largest religious groupings were Christians (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), Muslims (15%), no response (8.5%), Hindus (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), Sikhs (1.64%), Buddhists (1.0%) and other (0.8%).[9][10]

London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[11] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has their main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[12]

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[13] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[14] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[15]

Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[16] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[17][18][19] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[20]

Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[21] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[22] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[23]

The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Opened in 1701, Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the oldest continually active synagogue in Europe having held regular services for over 300 years.[24] Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[25] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[26]

Ethnic groups (suggested)

[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups in London
Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2001-21 Census
White
White (53.8%, 2021)
Asian
Asian (20.8%, 2021)
Black
Black (13.5%, 2021)

The population of London was historically ethnically homogeneous, White British, but is now polyethnic, with the largest ethnic group, White British, constituting 36.8% of the population in the 2021 census. This proportion has consistently declined in each modern census, down from 59.8% in the 2001 census.

In the 2021 census, the ethnic composition of London comprised: 53.8% White, 20.7% Asian, 13.5% Black, 5.7% Mixed, and 6.3% Other.

  • White (53.8%): English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British (36.8%), Irish (1.8%), Gypsy or Irish Traveller (0.1%), Roma (0.4%), and Other White (14.7%).
  • Asian (20.7%): Indian (7.5%), Pakistani (3.3%), Bangladeshi (3.7%), Chinese (1.7%), and Other Asian (4.6%).
  • Black (13.5%): African (7.9%), Caribbean (3.9%), and Other Black (1.7%).
  • Mixed (5.7%): White and Asian (1.4%), White and Black African (0.9%), White and Black Caribbean (1.5%), and Other Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups (1.9%).
  • Other (6.3%): Arab (1.6%) and Any other ethnic group (4.7%).

Note: Sub-group totals may not sum exactly to the group total due to rounding.

Ethnic groups in London
Ethnic Group 2001 Census[27] 2011 Census[28] 2021 Census[29]
White 71.2% 59.8% 53.8%
Asian 13.2% 18.5% 20.7%
Black 10.9% 13.3% 13.5%
Mixed 3.2% 5.0% 5.7%
Other 1.6% 3.4% 6.3%

Note: The 2001 census figures for 'Asian' and 'Other' have been adjusted to reflect the 2011 reclassification of the Chinese ethnic group from 'Other' to 'Asian' to allow comparison across census years.

This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,[30][31] having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991[32] and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.[5] Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,[33] which fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.[5]

As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.[34] Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.[35]

Religion (suggested)

[edit]
Main article: Religion in London
See also: List of churches in London
Religion in London (2021 United Kingdom census)
  1. Christian (40.7%)
  2. No religion (27.1%)
  3. Muslim (15.0%)
  4. Hindu (5.10%)
  5. Jewish (1.70%)
  6. Sikh (1.60%)
  7. Buddhist (0.90%)
  8. Other religion (1.00%)
  9. Not stated (7.00%)

London was historically an overwhelmingly Christian city, but now Christians form a minority of the population, though Christianity is still the largest religion in London. In the 2021 census, the religious composition of London comprised: 40.7% Christianity, 27.1% No religion, 15.0% Islam, 5.1% Hinduism, 1.7% Judaism, 1.6% Sikhism, 0.9% Buddhism, 1.0% Other religion, and 7.0% Not stated.

The most substantial recent changes in the religious composition of London are the significant decrease in Christianity from 58.2% in the 2001 census to 40.7% in the 2021 census, the significant increase in No religion from 15.8% in the 2001 census to 27.1% in the 2021 census, and the significant increase in Islam from 8.5% in the 2001 census to 15.0% in the 2021 census.

Religion in London
Religion 2001 Census[36] 2011 Census[37] 2021 Census[38]
Christian 58.2% 48.4% 40.7%
No religion 15.8% 20.7% 27.1%
Muslim 8.5% 12.4% 15.0%
Hindu 4.1% 5.0% 5.1%
Jewish 2.1% 1.8% 1.7%
Sikh 1.5% 1.5% 1.6%
Buddhist 0.8% 1.0% 0.9%
Other religion 0.5% 0.6% 1.0%
Not stated 8.7% 8.5% 7.0%

London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[11] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has their main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[12]

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[13] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[14] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[15]

Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park[16] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London.[39][40][19] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham.[41]

Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter hosting what was until 2006[42] Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple.[22] London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.[23]

The majority of British Jews live in London, with notable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware, all in North London. Opened in 1701, Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the oldest continually active synagogue in Europe having held regular services for over 300 years.[43] Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.[25] The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[26] Bathyal (talk) 11:22, 15 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]

We don't need any tables crowding the layout. The image and the text next to it is already sufficient. Furthermore, the article was previously trimmed due to size thus avoid adding unnecessary bytes. Nampa DC (talk) 15:19, 15 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you for your feedback. Before publishing, I would now add a collapsible function so that users could click 'hide'. Historical demographic tables with a hide function are used on other pages, such as on the 'Washington, D.C.' page. Bathyal (talk) 17:35, 17 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Same issues apply, the material is excessive for this article. The sub articles, such as demographics of London and religion in London, that's where more detail, such as tables etc., can be added as those are smaller articles with plenty of room for added bytes, not the London article, which gives a concise overview, and where bytes had to be removed in order to keep within article size. Hells Bells7 (talk) 20:01, 23 December 2025 (UTC)[reply]
  1. ^ a b c "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.
  3. ^ Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773.
  4. ^ "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  6. ^ Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024
  7. ^ "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  8. ^ ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  10. ^ "2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  11. ^ a b "About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Lambeth Palace Library". Lambeth Palace Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  13. ^ a b "Westminster Abbey". Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  14. ^ a b "Westminster Cathedral". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  15. ^ a b "Church of England Statistics" (PDF). Church of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  16. ^ a b "London Central Mosque Trust Ltd". London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. & The Islamic Cultural Centre. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  17. ^ "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010.
  18. ^ Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  19. ^ a b Bill, Peter (30 May 2008). "The $300 Billion Arabs Are Coming". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  21. ^ "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
  22. ^ a b "Hindu London". BBC London. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
  23. ^ a b "£17 m Sikh temple opens". BBC News. 30 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  24. ^ "London rejects 48-story skyscraper threatening UK's oldest synagogue". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  25. ^ a b "Stanmore". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  26. ^ a b Paul, Jonny (10 December 2006). "Livingstone apologizes to UK's Jews". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  27. ^ "KS006 - Ethnic group". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  28. ^ "KS201EW - Ethnic group". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  29. ^ "TS021 - Ethnic group". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  30. ^ Lee, Trevor R. (1973). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.
  31. ^ Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN 0013-2942. JSTOR 43617773.
  32. ^ "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  33. ^ Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, Routledge, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN 978-1-351-16776-5, S2CID 240171114, retrieved 14 January 2024
  34. ^ "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2022/23". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  35. ^ ONS. "LC2109EWls – Ethnic group by age". nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  36. ^ "KS007 - Religion". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  37. ^ "KS209EW - Religion". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  38. ^ "TS030 - Religion". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  39. ^ "Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report". sikhchic.com. 29 January 2010.
  40. ^ Johnson, Gareth (14 March 2013). "Comment: British Sikhs Are the Best Example of Cultural Integration". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  42. ^ "Opening for biggest Hindu temple". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
  43. ^ "London rejects 48-story skyscraper threatening UK's oldest synagogue". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 June 2025.