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Timeline of Kaliningrad

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Coat of arms of Kaliningrad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Historical coat of arms of Königsberg

Era of Teutonic Order

[edit]

15th century

[edit]
  • 1403 – City granted staple right.[6]
  • 1414 – Hunger War: The Polish-Lithuanian army approaches the city, and the demolition of houses in Lipnik begins in order to secure the Old Town.[7]
  • 1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
  • 1454
    • 14 February: Burghers seized the Teutonic Castle.[8]
    • March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.[9]
    • March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.[10]
    • March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.[11]
    • April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.[12]
    • Pfundzoll tax abolished by King Casimir IV.[8]
    • King Casimir IV allowed local merchants to sell goods throughout entire Poland.[8]
    • 19 June: Public ceremony, during which the mayors of the Old Town, Knipawa and Lipnik, officially recognize Polish rule and pay homage to Poland.[13]
  • 1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
  • 1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
  • 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[4]
  • 1465
    • Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.[14]
    • Anti-Teutonic rebellion in the city.[15]
  • 1466
    • City officials press the Teutonic Knights to accept Polish peace terms, and the mayors of the Old Town and Knipawa take part in peace talks.[15]
    • Second Peace of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[16] The seals of all three towns are attached to the documents of the peace treaty.[17]
  • 1467 – The city introduces custom duties on ships carrying salt from Gdańsk, Poland to Lithuania.[18]
  • 1478 – City comes into conflict with Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen, who wants to cut ties with Poland, and pressures him to pay homage to King Casimir IV Jagiellon.[18]

16th century

[edit]
First Old Prussian catechism (1545), first Lithuanian catechism (1547) and first Polish translation of the New Testament (1553)
Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia by Maciej Stryjkowski, 1582
  • 1582 – The Polish-language Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia by Polish historian and writer Maciej Stryjkowski published in the city. It is considered the first printed book on the history of Eastern Europe and Lithuania.
  • 1589 – Visit of King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland.[20]
  • 1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.[citation needed]
  • 1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated

17th century

[edit]
Taking Hieronymus Roth to prison
  • 1662
    • City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.[34]
    • 8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.[34]
    • 27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.[34]
    • 30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.[35]
  • 1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.[36]
  • 1686 – French Huguenot community and congregation founded.[37]
  • 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.

18th century

[edit]
First issue of the Poczta Królewiecka newspaper, 1718

19th century

[edit]
View of the city from circa 1810
Königsberg Castle in the 1890s
  • 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
  • 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
  • 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
  • 1896 – Zoo founded.
  • 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
  • 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[57]
  • 1900

20th century

[edit]

1900-1945

[edit]
Aerial view of the castle and city centre in 1925

1946-1990s

[edit]
Castle ruins in the 1960s

21st century

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Königsberg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 894–895.
  2. ^ a b c Pogorzelski, M. (April 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 4. Warszawa. p. 10.
  3. ^ a b c d e David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Königsberg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  4. ^ a b Richard Armstedt (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen [History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.
  5. ^ "Sites and projects". sg39.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  6. ^ Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 8.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  7. ^ Biskup 1992, p. 230.
  8. ^ a b c Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 9.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  9. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  10. ^ Górski, pp. 71–72
  11. ^ Górski, p. 63
  12. ^ a b c d Podbereski 2010, p. 113.
  13. ^ Biskup 1992, p. 233.
  14. ^ "Kalendarz dat: 1465". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  15. ^ a b Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 10.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  16. ^ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  17. ^ Karczewska, Teresa (1962). "Przegląd pieczęci pruskich z dokumentów traktatu toruńskiego z 1466 roku". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 4. pp. 759–761.
  18. ^ a b Pogorzelski, M. (June–July 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 6–7. Warszawa. p. 5.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  19. ^ a b Małłek 1992, p. 248.
  20. ^ a b c Pogorzelski, M. (June–July 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 6–7. Warszawa. p. 6.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  21. ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
  22. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 249.
  23. ^ a b Podbereski 2010, p. 114.
  24. ^ Feduszka, Jacek (2009). "Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku". Czasy Nowożytne (in Polish). Vol. 22. Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. p. 52. ISSN 1428-8982.
  25. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 250.
  26. ^ Szorc, Alojzy (1995). "Dzieje parafii katolickiej w Królewcu 1614–1650". Studia Warmińskie (in Polish). XXXII: 157.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Gresch 2012, p. 29.
  28. ^ a b Armstedt, Richard; Fischer, Richard (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg i. Pr (in German). Königsberg i. Pr.: Kommissionsverlag von Wilhelm Koch. p. 20.
  29. ^ a b c d e George Henry Townsend (1867), "Königsberg (Prussia)", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
  30. ^ a b c Małłek 1992, p. 252.
  31. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 253.
  32. ^ a b c d e Gresch 2012, p. 31.
  33. ^ Pogorzelski, M. (June–July 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 6–7. Warszawa. p. 7.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  34. ^ a b c Małłek 1992, p. 254.
  35. ^ Małłek 1992, pp. 254–255.
  36. ^ Małłek 1992, p. 255.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Gresch 2012, p. 32.
  38. ^ a b Julius Petzholdt (1853), Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken (in German), Halle: H.W. Schmidt, OCLC 8363581
  39. ^ Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków (in Polish). Dąbrówno. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-62552-00-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  40. ^ a b Ciesielski, p. 113
  41. ^ a b c d e f Muret, Ed. (1885). Geschichte der Französischen Kolonie in Brandenburg-Preußen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Berliner Gemeinde. Aus Veranlassung der Zweihundertjährigen Jubelfeier am 29. Oktober 1885 (in German). Berlin. p. 230.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ Ciesielski, p. 165
  43. ^ a b Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Konigsberg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  44. ^ Armstedt, Richard; Fischer, Richard (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg i. Pr (in German). Königsberg i. Pr.: Kommissionsverlag von Wilhelm Koch. p. 90.
  45. ^ Podbereski 2010, p. 115.
  46. ^ a b c Marian Kałuski (29 April 2013). "Prasa polska w Królewcu". Pisarze.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  47. ^ Richard Armstedt (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg (in German). Königsberg: Koch.
  48. ^ Groniewska, Barbara (1960). "Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 1. p. 4.
  49. ^ Podbereski 2010, p. 116.
  50. ^ Groniewska, Barbara (1960). "Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 1. p. 17.
  51. ^ Groniewska, Barbara (1960). "Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 1. pp. 18–19.
  52. ^ Groniewska, Barbara (1960). "Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 1. pp. 26–27.
  53. ^ J. Niederstetter, ed. (1867). Staats-Almanach für das Königreich Preußen (in German). Berlin: Heymann.
  54. ^ Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Königsberg", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
  55. ^ a b "Kaliningrad Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  56. ^ Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
  57. ^ "Königsberg", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
  58. ^ Eugene van Cleef (1945). "East Baltic Ports and Boundaries: With Special Reference to Königsberg". Geographical Review. 35 (2): 257–272. doi:10.2307/211478. JSTOR 211478.
  59. ^ United States Hydrographic Office (1917). Baltic Pilot. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  60. ^ "Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS" [Newspaper Information System] (in German). Berlin State Library. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  61. ^ a b c Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 529, OL 5812502M
  62. ^ "Germany: Principal Towns". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via Hathi Trust.
  63. ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. p. 196. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  64. ^ Biskup 1992, p. 229.
  65. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 41.
  66. ^ Cygański, p. 42
  67. ^ "Lager für Sinti und Roma Königsberg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  68. ^ ""Historyczny dzień!" - nowy etap polsko-niemieckich relacji w obszarze restytucji dóbr kultury" (in Polish). 1 December 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  69. ^ "Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg". Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  70. ^ a b Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 3: 173. ISSN 0137-5377.
  71. ^ Russell H. Fifield (1948). "International Affairs: The Postwar World Map: New States and Boundary Changes". American Political Science Review. 42 (3): 533–541. doi:10.2307/1949917. JSTOR 1949917. S2CID 147617453.
  72. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
  73. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  76. ^ История Палаты [History of the Chamber] (in Russian). Калининградская торгово-промышленная палата (Kaliningrad Chamber of Commerce). Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  77. ^ G.J. Ashworth; J.E. Tunbridge (1999). "Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe". GeoJournal. 49 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1023/A:1007010205856. JSTOR 41147404. S2CID 133089435.
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  83. ^ "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
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This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

[edit]

in English

[edit]
Published in the 18th-19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
  • Peter Savodnik (2003). "Kaliningrad". Wilson Quarterly. 27 (2): 16–22. JSTOR 40261179.
  • Ann Kennard (2010). "Case Study 1: Kaliningrad". Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 133–161. ISBN 978-3-643-10751-0.
  • Eaton, Nicole. German Blood, Slavic Soil: How Nazi Königsberg Became Soviet Kaliningrad (Cornell University Press, 2023) online review of this book

in other languages

[edit]
  • Karl Faber (1840). Die Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Königsberg in Preußen [Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer.
  • Alexander Jung (1846). Königsberg und die Königsberger (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Kirchner.
  • F.W. Schubert (1855). Zur sechshundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Stadt Königsberg [600th Jubilee Celebration of the City of Königsberg] (in German). Königsberg: Verlag von Schubert und Seidel.
  • "Konigsberg". Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1858. (bibliography)
  • August Wilhelm Grube (1875). "Königsberg". Charakterbilder Deutschen Landes und Lebens fur Schule und Haus (in German) (10th ed.). Leipzig: F. Brandstetter.
  • "Königsberg". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.
  • Gresch, Eberhard (2012). Im Blickpunkt der Geschichte der Reformation: Evangelisch-Reformierte in (Ost-)Preußen (in German).
  • P. Krauss; E. Uetrecht, eds. (1913). "Konigsberg". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
  • "Konigsberg", Deutscher Städteatlas (in German), vol. 2, Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte, 1979, ISBN 3891150008
  • Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.
  • Biskup, Marian (1992). "Królewiec a Polska i Litwa jagiellońska w czasach średniowiecza (do roku 1525)". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.* Podbereski, Wacław (2010). "Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad". Znad Wilii (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 44. ISSN 1392-9712.
  • Wolfgang Adam; Siegrid Westphal, eds. (2012). "Königsberg". Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 1153+. ISBN 978-3-11-029555-9.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Königsberg.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaliningrad.

54°43′00″N 20°31′00″E / 54.716667°N 20.516667°E / 54.716667; 20.516667