Toi invasion

Toi invasion
Date 27 March 1019[1][2] Location Hakata Bay 33°37′05″N 130°19′59″E / 33.618°N 130.333°E / 33.618; 130.333 Result Many Japanese girls kidnapped and enslaved, as well as livestock killed.
Belligerents
Jurchen pirates	Japanese Dazaifu Goryeo
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Fujiwara no Masatada [ja] † Fujiwara no Takaie Ōkura no Taneki [ja]
Strength
3,000	?
Casualties and losses
8 ships captured by Goryeo[3]	850+ (killed and abducted) 350 dead, 1,300 enslaved. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships.[4]
?
class=notpageimage| Location within Japan

The Toi invasion (Japanese: 刀伊の入寇, Hepburn: Toi no nyūkō) was the invasion of Northern Kyushu by Jurchen pirates in 1019.^[5]

History

Toi (되, twoy) meant "barbarian" in Middle Korean. The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from the direction of Goryeo, then assaulted Tsushima and Iki provinces, beginning on 27 March 1019. After the Iki Island garrison, consisting of 147 soldiers led by Fujiwara Noritada, was wiped out, the Jurchen slaughtered all the men while seizing women as prisoners. Fujiwara Noritada, the governor, was killed.^[6]

Subsequently, the Jurchen raided the Ido, Shima, and Sawara counties of Chikuzen Province and, on April 9, attacked Hakata (now a ward of the city of Fukuoka). For a week, using Noko Island [ja] in Hakata Bay as a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. The Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove them away.^[7]

After that, they then raided Matsuura county in Hizen Province from April 13 to May 20, and were eventually repelled by Genchi, the founder of the "Matsuura 48 Parties", and after attacking Tsushima again, they retreated towards the Korean Peninsula.^[8]

A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang (鄭子良) reported that the Goryeo Navy had intercepted the Jurchen off of Wonsan and eliminated them. They rescued around 300 captives, who were "provided white clothes and fed meals with silverware" by the Goryeo government. Goryeo then repatriated them back to Japan, where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi, with Kura no Iwame's report transcribed.^[9]

The children and women kidnapped by the Jurchen were most likely forced to become sex slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on eight ships were returned when Goryeo intercepted them. 1280 were taken prisoner, 374 were killed, and 380 livestock were killed for food.^[10]

The Jurchen lived in Hamgyong Province, now in North Korea.^[11]

Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan and the Mongol invasions of Japan, in addition to the adoption of the Hua–Yi distinction, contributed to Japan's antagonistic views toward the Jurchen and, later, the Manchu. For example, Tokugawa Ieyasu viewed the Later Jin of the Jurchen as a threat. The Japanese mistakenly believed that Yezo (now Hokkaido) had a land bridge to the Jurchen homeland, and therefore thought they could invade Japan by land. In 1627, the Tokugawa shogunate sent a message to Joseon via Tsushima, offering help to Joseon against the Later Jin invasion of Joseon. However, Joseon refused.^[12] During Tokugawa Ieyasu's Imjin War, the Hamgyong campaign was a direct invasion of Jurchen-controlled territory from conquered Joseon.

See also

• Hamgyong campaign – Japanese forces encounter the Jurchens during the Imjin War in 1592

References

1. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2. Kōdansha. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-87011-620-9.
2. Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. ISBN 0684188988.
3. Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.). Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780824830137.
4. Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0521223539.
5. Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxi. ISBN 0521223539.
6. Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1 (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 0415323797.
7. Tetsutaro, Sato (March 1994). "Thoughts on Hakata Kegosho (Humanities and Social Sciences)". Nakamura Gakuen Research Bulletin. 26: 35–51.
8. Seiichiro, Seno (1975). History of Nagasaki Prefecture. Yamakawa Publishing Co., Ltd.
9. 朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201. 朝鮮学会 (Japan), 朝鮮學會 (Japan). 朝鮮學會. 2006.
10. Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006). Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. ISBN 9780824842925.
11. Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006). "5". The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-931907-30-9.
12. Mizuno, Norihito (2004). Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy From the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century (Dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.839.4807.

• (in Japanese) Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)