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Ulas Samchuk

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In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Oleksiiovych and the family name is Samchuk.

Ulas Samchuk
Улас Самчук
Samchuk in c. 1937
Born20 February [O.S. 7 February] 1905
Derman, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
Died9 July 1987(1987-07-09) (aged 82)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Resting place
St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Cemetery
Occupations
Organization(s)Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
Ukrainian Military Organization
Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile
Slovo Association of Ukrainian Writers in Exile
Writing career
Pen nameDanilchenko, V. Danilchuk, Perebendya, A. Ofirenko, Ivan Vlodko, Olga Volynyanka, Kai, F. Grak [1]
Notable worksMaria (1934)

Ulas Oleksiiovych Samchuk (Ukrainian: Улас Олексійович Самчук; 20 February [O.S. 7 February] 1905 – 9 July 1987) was a Ukrainian writer, publicist, journalist, Nationalist and proponent of Ukrainian independence.[1][2][3] A member of the far-right Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the paramilitary Ukrainian Military Organization, Samchuk was a Nazi collaborator, propagandist and noted antisemite.[3][4][5][6][7] Samchuk remains a controversial figure.[3][8]

Biography

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Samchuk was born on 20 February [O.S. 7 February] 1905 in the selo of Derman, Volhynian Governorate (present-day Derman Druha, Ukraine).[1] From 1917 to 1920 he studied at a four-grade elementary school in Derman. In 1921–1925 he studied at the Kremenets Ukrainian private gymnasium. Before he finished his secondary education, he was called up for service in the Polish Army in 1927, and later deserted in August of that year, escaping to Germany. In Germany he worked delivering coal, and with the help of a supportive German family, Samchuk continued his studies at the University of Breslau.

In 1929, Samchuk moved to Prague, Czechoslovakia. He was attracted by the city's vibrant Ukrainian community and the Ukrainian Free University in which he enrolled, and where he graduated in 1931.

In 1932, while in Prague, Samchuk first heard about the Holodomor famine, and traveled back into Soviet Ukraine to witness the event firsthand. In response, Samchuk wrote the novel Maria (1934), the first literary work about the famine, and village life at the time.[2] In 1937, on the initiative of Yevhen Konovalets, a cultural office of the Ukrainian nationalist leadership headed by Oleh Olzhych was established. Prague became the centre of the Cultural Office, and one of the main institutions was the Section of artists, writers and journalists, chaired by Samchuk.

While Samchuks pre-war works did not appear antisemitic, to the contrary, they had described a childhood with close Jewish friends. During the war period his writings would go in the opposite direction, and would praise Hitler and call for support of the German army, while urging support to fight the "Judeo–Bolshevist" regime of the USSR,[3] also espousing the ethnic cleansing of Ukraine. He wrote: "Where the Ukrainian state will be built, there will be no Jews there."[9]

In 1941 he returned to Volyn as a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. During 1941–1942, he worked for the Nazis within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, as chief editor of the pro-Nazi newspaper Volyn. During this time, he wrote of the Babi Yar massacre “Today is a great day for Kyiv, the German authorities met the passionate desires of Ukrainians, ordering all Jews, of which there are still 150,000 remaining, to leave Kyiv.”[10][11]

On September 1, 1941, shortly before the Babi Yar massacres Samchuk wrote on page 2 of Volyn: “The element that settled our cities, whether it is Jews or Poles who were brought here from outside Ukraine, must disappear completely from our cities. The Jewish problem is already in the process of being solved.”[12][13][14]

Later that month, in the article "Zavoiovuimo misto" (Let's conquer the City) Samchuk added the following: “All elements that reside in our land, whether they are Jews or Poles, must be eradicated. We are at this very moment resolving the Jewish question, and this resolution is part of the plan for the Reich’s total reorganization of Europe.”[7][15][16][17] "The empty space that will be created, must immediately and irrevocable be filled by the real owners and masters of this land, the Ukrainian people"[3][18][16]

The Jewish Bolshevism theme would run throughout his articles during the war period.[19] As an example on 30 November 1941, he wrote on witnessing the aftermath of destruction in Ternopil, caused during fighting between soviet partisan and Nazi forces, "All this occurred because of the will of the sons of Israel, who could find no better way of saving their native Soviet Union then by setting fire to the town as soon as the German army entered."[3]

He remained the chief editor of Volyn until March 1942. In February 1942, after Nazi authorities implemented stricter media censorship regarding Ukrainian independence. In Volyn's 22 March 1942 issue, Samchuk penned an emotional editorial article titled "Tak bulo – Tak bude" (This is how it was – That is how it will be) that espoused Ukrainian independence. This resulted in his arrest and imprisonment by the Gestapo.[20][21] He was released about one month later, and then began working for the Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst.

With Soviet forces approaching Galicia, Samchuk feared the repercussions of being a Nazi collaborator. He fled to Nazi Germany in 1944, where he founded and headed the literary-artistic organization MUR.

In 1948, he emigrated to Canada, where he became the leader of the Slovo Association of Ukrainian Writers in Exile [uk].[22] During this time, he published several books and regularly contributed articles to the Ukrainian Quarterly.[23][24][25] During this time, his work began to depict Jewish characters in a more positive light than his earlier works. Some scholars claim that these later works area form of "expiation and atonement".[26] Most notably, Samchuk's 1959 novel What Fire Does Not Heal (Choho ne hoit ohon)'[27], has been called an "act of repentance".[26]

Samchuk died in Toronto on 9 July 1987[28] and is buried at the St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Cemetery in Oakville, Ontario.

Work

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Monument to Ulas Samchuk in Zdolbuniv
Ukrainian coin commemorating Ulas Samchuk (reverse)

Samchuk published his first short story, "On Old Paths", in 1926 in the Warsaw magazine Nasha Besida. Samchuk's Volyn trilogy (I–III, 1932–1937) portrays a collective image of a Ukrainian young man of the late 1920s and early 1930s. This archetypal young man seeks to find Ukraine's place in the world.

Beginning in 1929, he began to collaborate regularly with magazines based across several European cities. These included the Lviv-based Literary-Scientific Bulletin and The Bells, Chernivtsi-based The Independent Thought, Berlin-based Nation-Building, and Antimony, whose publication location changed.

Samchuk concurrently wrote the novel Kulak(1932) about the eternal commitment of the Ukrainian peasant to tilling the land and the undying optimism of farmers. His next important work was the two-volume novel The Mountains Speak (1934) which explored Carpatho-Ukraine's struggle against Hungary.[2]

In 1947 he completed the play Noise of the Mill. His unfinished trilogy Ost: Frost Farm (1948) and Darkness (1957) depicted the Ukrainian man and his role in the unusual and tragic conditions of interwar and modern sub-Soviet reality.

Several of Samchuk's post-war novels depicted the struggle of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Volhynia and the life of Ukrainian emigrants in Canada. His best-known novel about the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Volhynia was What Fire Does Not Heal (1959), and his best-known novel about the Ukrainian-Canadian experience was On Hard Land, (1967). His memoirs Five After Twelve (1954) and On a White Horse (1956) describe his experiences during World War II.[28]

Legacy

[edit]

A street was named in honor of Samchuk in the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv in April 2023.[29]

Works

[edit]
  • Volyn (1932–1937, 1941-1942)
  • Kulak (1932)
  • Mountains Are Talking [Hory hovoriat] (1934)
  • Where the River Flows [Kudy teche richka?] (1934)
  • Maria (1934), (English translation, Maria. A Chronicle of a Life[30] 1952)
  • Youth of Vasyl Sheremeta (1946–1947)
  • Moroz's Khutir [Moroziv khutir] (1948)
  • Darkness [Temnota] (1957)
  • Escape from oneself [Vtecha vid sebe]
  • People or Servants? [Liudy chy chern]
  • Five After Twelve [Pyat po dvanadtsiatiy] (1954)
  • On a White Horse [Na bilomu koni] (1956)
  • On a Black Horse [Na koni voronomu] (1975)
  • What Fire Does Not Heal [Choho ne hoit ohon] (1959)
  • On Solid Earth [Na tverdiy zemli] (1967)
  • In the Footsteps of Pioneers: The Saga of Ukrainian America (1979)

Bibliography

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  • Ułas Samczuk, Wołyń, wyd. 2 (reprint), ISBN 83-88863-14-2 Biały Dunajec — Ostróg 2005, wyd. «Wołanie z Wołynia»
  • Самчук У. Гори говорять. — К., 1996.
  • Самчук У. Волинь: У 2 т. — К.: Дніпро, 1993. — Т.1, 2.
  • Самчук У. Дермань. Роман: У 2 ч. — Рівне: Волинські обереги, 2005. — 120 с.
  • Самчук У. На білому коні. — Львів: Літопис Червоної Калини, 1999.
  • Самчук У. На коні вороному. — Львів: Літопис Червоної Калини, 2000.
  • Самчук У. Темнота. Роман. — Нью-Йорк, 1957. — 493 с.
  • Самчук У. Чого не гоїть огонь. — К.: Укр. письменник, 1994.
  • Самчук У. Юність Василя Шеремети: Роман. — Рівне: Волин. обереги, 2005. — 329 с.
  • Волинські дороги Уласа Сачука: Збірник. — Рівне: Азалія, 1993.
  • Гром'як Р. Розпросторення духовного світу Уласа Самчука (Від трилогії «Волинь» до трилогії «Ost») // Орієнтації. Розмисли. Дискурси. 1997—2007. — Тернопіль: Джура, 2007. — С. 248—267.
  • Улас Самчук. Ювілейний збірник. До 90-річчя народження. — Рівне: Азалія, 1994. 274
  • Тарнавський О. Улас Самчук — прозаїк // Відоме й позавідоме. — К.: Час, 1999. — С. 336—350.
  • Ткачук М. П. Художні виміри творчості Уласа Самчука // Українська мова і література в школі. — 2005. — № 6: — С. 43–47.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Rusnak, I. (2022). Dziuba, I.М.; Zhukovsky, A.I.; Zhelezniak, M.H. (eds.). "Самчук Улас Олексійович" [Samchuk Ulas Oleksiiovych]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine [Online] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Shevchenko Scientific Society. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  2. ^ a b c "Ulas Samchuk Biography". www.languagelanterns.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Shkandrij, Myroslav (2015). "Ulas Samchuk". Ukrainian Nationalism: Politics, Ideology, and Literature, 1929–1956. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300206289.003.0011. ISBN 9780300210743. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  4. ^ Messina, Adele Valeria (2017). American Sociology and Holocaust Studies: The Alleged Silence and the Creation of the Sociological Delay. Published by Academic Studies Press. pp. 176, 177. ISBN 9781618115478.
  5. ^ Himka, John-Paul (21 September 2021). Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust. Ibidem Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-3838215488.
  6. ^ Hnatiuk, Ola (2019). Courage and Fear. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 9781644692516.
  7. ^ a b Burds, Jeffrey (2013). Holocaust in Rovno (1st ed.). Palgrave McMillan. p. 39. ISBN 9781137388391.
  8. ^ ToI Staff. "Israel urges Ukraine to remove Nazi collaborators from its 'List of Heroes'". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  9. ^ Samchuk, Ulas (27 November 1941). "Op Ed". Volyn. Rivne, Ukraine.
  10. ^ noah (27 January 2021). "Nazi collaborator monuments around the world". The Forward. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. ^ "Волинь". libraria.ua. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017.
  12. ^ Burds, Jeffrey (2013). Holocaust in Rovno (1st ed.). Palgrave McMillan. p. 8. ISBN 9781137388391.
  13. ^ "1941: Mass Murder". The Holocaust Chronicle.
  14. ^ Messina, Adele Valeria (2017). The Alleged Silence and the creation of the sociological delay. American Sociology and Holocaust Studies Academic Studies Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-61811-547-8.
  15. ^ Messina, Adele Valeria (2017). American Sociology and Holocaust Studies The Alleged Silence and the Creation of the Sociological Delay. Academic Studies Press. pp. 176, 177. ISBN 9781618115478.
  16. ^ a b Spector, Shmuel. The Jews of Volynia and their reaction to extermination. Yad Vashem. p. 160.
  17. ^ Basic Historical Narrative of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. Kyiv Ukraine: “Charity Fund Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial”. 2018. p. 114.
  18. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1985). The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy. RosettaBooks LLC. p. 199. ISBN 9780795337192.
  19. ^ Dovhanych, Natalia (2019). "9". Narrating trauma: literary strategies in Ukrainian survivor literature of the second half of the 20th century. Center for Governance and Culture in Europe at the University of St.Gallen. p. 146.
  20. ^ Himka. "Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust".
  21. ^ "Volyn Publishing House".
  22. ^ samchuk (1954). FIVE AFTER TWELVE: NOTES ON THE RUN. Buenos-Aires; M. Denysiuk.
  23. ^ samchuk, ulas (Summer 1951). "Genocide". Ukrainian Quarterly. VII (3): 216–218.
  24. ^ samchuk, Ulace (January 1950). "The Economic Relations of Ukraine and the Ancient World". Ukrainian Quarterly. VI (4).
  25. ^ Samchuk, Ulas. "Dostoevsky on Leninism". Ukrainian Quarterly. VI (4): 299.
  26. ^ a b Shkandrij, Myroslav (January 2015). Ukrainian Nationalism: Politics, Ideology, and Literature, 1929-1956. Yale University Press. p. 242. ISBN 9780300206289.
  27. ^ "Ulas Samchuk Biography". www.languagelanterns.com. Retrieved 3 May 2026.
  28. ^ a b "Ulas Samchuk". www.myslenedrevo.com.ua. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  29. ^ "Operational information from the regions of the Active Community network 04/11/2023". ag.com.ua.
  30. ^ Samchuk, U., 1952, “Maria. A Chronicle of a Life, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
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