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Whiptail stingray

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Whiptail stingrays
Temporal range: Hauterivian–Recent[1]
Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Division: Batomorphi
Order: Myliobatiformes
Family: Dasyatidae
D. S. Jordan, 1888

The whiptail stingrays are a family, the Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Members of this family have flattened pectoral fin discs that range from oval to diamond-like in shape. Their common name comes from their whip-like tails, which are much longer than the disc and lack dorsal and caudal fins. All whiptail stingrays, except the porcupine ray (Urogymnus asperrimus), have one or more venomous stings near the base of the tail, which is used in defense. In order to sting their victims, they jerk their tails as the stinger falls off and stays in the wound that they have created. The stinger of a whiptail stingray is pointy, sharp with jagged edges. During mating season, males often hold onto females by using teeth which curve towards the corners of their mouths.[2] They range in size from 0.18 to 2.0 m (0.59 to 6.56 ft) or more across in the case of the smalleye stingray and giant freshwater stingray. Species, being highly electroreceptive, can detect weak electric fields from prey.[2] Electroreception is a product of electroreceptors dispersed across the skin.[3] This network of pores is part of organs known as the ampullae of Lorenzini.[4]

Genera

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The taxonomy of Dasyatidae was revised by Peter Last, Gavin Naylor, and Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto in 2016, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. The placement of Megatrygon within the family is provisional pending further research, as evidence suggests it may be more closely related to the families Potamotrygonidae and Urotrygonidae than to other dasyatids.[5]

Habitat

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Whiptail rays are commonly found in shallow tropical water, but they may also be found in temperate regions. Having flat bodies, they are demersal, meaning they live at the bottom of a body of water. These rays specifically live sometimes buried in sand or mud or even near coral reefs on continental shelves, or the shelf created when part of a continent is under water.[7] Whiptail rays typically inhabit shallow coastlines of 100 to 200 meters down, but some go as far as 600 meters. To avoid being preyed upon, these rays usually stay buried with just their eyes protruding. These rays are preyed on by multiple shark species, specifically hammerhead sharks.[8]

Some species of whiptail rays live in mangrove swamps, while others reside in the open ocean. Not all species of Whiptail rays live in salt water, however. The subfamily Potamotrygoninae lives solely in freshwater, often buried in sand or mud in backwaters or shallow rivers. This specific species only resides in West Africa and the Atlantic drainages of South America.[7]

Diet

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The diet of Whiptail rays generally includes mollusks, crustaceans, jellyfish, and bony fish. They extract food by digging in the sand. In areas such as Stingray City in Grand Cayman and Hamelyn Bay in Western Australia, some rays accept scraps from tourists. Rays may also gather at fisherman's fish cleaning stations.[8] Their electroreceptive abilities allow the rays to detect weak electric fields from prey.[9] This ability allows rays to identify the relative area of prey from a distance.[3]

Human use

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Species' flesh may be used for human consumption in areas like South-West Asia where it's salted and dried. Skin may also be used for leather products like wallets and shoes. Species may be found in aquarium exhibits or used for ecotourism.[10]

Conservation

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Many whiptail ray species face decreasing populations, with a large number marked from threatened to endangered. The Smalltooth Stingray, Starrynose Cowtail Ray, Pakistan Whipray, Shorttail Whipray, Smooth Stingray, Colares Stingray, Wingfin Stingray, and Thorny Whipray are marked as critically endangered.[11] Threats to stingrays include bycatch as product of overfishing, water contamination, loss of habitat, tourism, and climate change causing increased water temperatures.[12] Note that some of these species listed below may be repeats under alternative names.

Name Scientific Name Population Trend Red List Assessment Last Assessed
Bluntnose Stingray Hypanus say Decreasing   Near Threatened   21 June 2019
Blue Stingray Dasyatis chrysonota Decreasing Near Threatened 01 August 2019
Porcupine Ray Urogymnus asperrimus Decreasing Endangered 16 June 2023
Brown Whipray Maculabatis toshi Unknown Least Concern 12 May 2015
Roughtail Stingray Bathytoshia centroura Decreasing Vulnerable   21 June 2019
Diamond Stingray Hypanus dipterurus Decreasing Vulnerable   08 February 2019
Groovebelly Stingray Dasyatis hypostigma Decreasing Endangered   01 July 2019
Common Stingray Dasyatis pastinaca Decreasing Vulnerable 04 August 2020
Leopard Whipray Himantura leoparda Decreasing Endangered 24 March 2023
Giant Freshwater Whipray Urogymnus polylepis Decreasing Endangered 25 January 2021
White-edge Whipray Fluvitrygon signifer Decreasing Endangered   25 January 2021
Bengal Whipray Brevitrygon imbricata Decreasing Vulnerable 30 April 2020
Coach Whipray Himantura uarnak Decreasing Endangered 27 November 2020
Bennett's Stingray Hemitrygon bennetti Decreasing Vulnerable   28 August 2019
Painted Maskray Neotrygon leylandi Stable Least Concern 28 November 2024
Pearl Whipray Fontitrygon margaritella Decreasing   Near Threatened   04 August 2020
Roughback Whipray Fluvitrygon kittipongi Decreasing   Endangered 22 January 2021
Longtail Stingray Hypanus longus Decreasing   Vulnerable   08 February 2019
Atlantic Stingray Hypanus sabinus Decreasing Least Concern 21 June 2019
Yantai Stingray Hemitrygon laevigata Decreasing   Vulnerable   29 August 2019
Javan Whipray Brevitrygon javaensis Decreasing Stingray Endangered   06 May 2020
Mahogany Maskray Neotrygon varidens Stable Least Concern 20 May 2020  
Sandwich-tail Whipray Brevitrygon manjajiae Decreasing Near Threatened   15 January 2024
Baraka's Whipray Maculabatis ambigua Decreasing   Near Threatened 24 April 2018
Whitespotted Whipray Maculabatis gerrardi Decreasing   Endangered 06 May 2020
Speckled Maskray Neotrygon picta Unknown Least Concern 24 August 2015
Smalleye Stingray Megatrygon microps Unknown Data Deficent   30 March 2023
Chinese Stingray Hemitrygon sinensis Decreasing   Endangered 29 August 2019
Tortonese's Stingray Dasyatis tortonesei Unknown Data Deficent   04 August 2020
Marbled Stingray Dasyatis marmorata Decreasing Near Threatened 04 August 2020
Coral Sea Maskray Neotrygon trigonoides Stable Least Concern 19 October 2020
Indonesian Sharpnose Ray Telatrygon biasa Decreasing   Vulnerable   20 May 2020
Mumburarr Whipray Urogymnus acanthobothrium Unknown Data Deficient   22 April 2021
Hortle's Whipray Pateobatis hortlei Decreasing Near Threatened 02 February 2021
Daisy Whipray Fontitrygon margarita Decreasing Vulnerable   04 August 2020
Merauke Stingray Hemitrygon longicauda Decreasing   Near Threatened   21 September 2020
Dwarf Whipray Brevitrygon heterura Decreasing Vulnerable   12 May 2020
Bleeker's Whipray Pateobatis bleekeri Decreasing   Endangered 29 April 2020
Bluespotted Maskray Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Stable Least Concern 30 September 2020
Smalltooth Stingray Hypanus rudis Decreasing   Critically Endangered 04 August 2020
Pink Whipray Pateobatis fai Decreasing Vulnerable 24 July 2023
Ningaloo Whipray Neotrygon ningalooensis Stable Least Concern 28 November 2024
Heins' Stingray Hemitrygon yemenensis Unknown Data Deficient   23 September 2020
Starrynose Cowtail Ray Pastinachus stellurostris Decreasing Critically Endangered 19 May 2020
Arabian Banded Whipray Maculabatis randalli Stable Least Concern 08 February 2017
Plain Maskray Neotrygon annotata Decreasing Near Threatened 24 August 2024
Tubemouth Whipray Urogymnus lobistoma Decreasing Endangered 20 May 2020
Whitenose Whipray Pateobatis uarnacoides Decreasing Endangered 13 May 2020
Brown Stingray Bathytoshia lata Decreasing   Vulnerable   04 August 2020
Australian Bluespotted Maskray Neotrygon australiae Decreasing   Near Threatened   15 November 2020
Sharpnose Whipray Maculabatis macrura Decreasing   Endangered 06 May 2020
Pakistan Whipray Maculabatis arabica Decreasing   Critically Endangered 08 February 2017
Shorttail Whipray Maculabatis bineeshi Decreasing Critically Endangered 21 May 2020
Oriental Bluespotted Maskray Neotrygon orientalis Stable Least Concern 20 May 2020
Chindwin Cowtail Ray Makararaja chindwinensis Unknown Data Deficient   25 January 2021
Japanese Bluespotted Maskray Neotrygon yakkoei Decreasing   Near Threatened   27 August 2024
Smooth Stingray Bathytoshia brevicaudata Stable Least Concern 27 November 2020
Blackfish Stingray Hemitrygon navarrae Decreasing   Vulnerable   29 April 2020
Dwarf Black Stingray Hemitrygon parvonigra Decreasing   Vulnerable   06 October 2024
Mekong Stingray Hemitrygon laosensis Decreasing   Endangered   25 January 2021
Scaly Whipray Brevitrygon walga Decreasing   Near Threatened   09 February 2017
Izu Stingray Hemitrygon izuensis Decreasing   Vulnerable   27 August 2019
Freshwater Whipray Urogymnus dalyensis Stable Least Concern 21 December 2024
Indian Sharpnose Ray Telatrygon crozieri Decreasing   Endangered 12 May 2020
Red Stingray Hemitrygon akajei Decreasing   Near Threatened   27 August 2019
Narrow Cowtail Ray Pastinachus gracilicaudus Decreasing   Endangered   19 May 2020
Australian Whipray Himantura australis Stable Least Concern   09 February 2021
Bluespotted Lagoon Ray Taeniura lymma Increasing   Least Concern   01 September 2020
Kuhl's Maskray Neotrygon kuhlii Unknown Data Deficient   22 June 2017
Estuary Stingray Hemitrygon fluviorum Decreasing   Vulnerable   17 April 2024
Lutz's Stingray Hypanus berthalutzae Decreasing   Vulnerable 08 August 2020
Sharpnose Ray Telatrygon acutirostra Decreasing   Vulnerable   27 August 2019
Round Whipray Maculabatis pastinacoides Decreasing   Endangered   20 May 2020
Pale-edge Sharpnose Ray Telatrygon zugei Decreasing   Vulnerable   28 August 2019
Cowtail Ray Pastinachus sephen Decreasing   Near Threatened   07 February 2017
Southern Stingray Hypanus americanus Decreasing   Near Threatened   21 June 2019
Smooth Stingray Fontitrygon garouaensis Decreasing   Critically Endangered 04 August 2020
Roughnose Cowtail Ray Pastinachus solocirostris Decreasing   Endangered 27 May 2020
Oceania Fantail Ray Taeniura lessoni Unknown   Data Deficient   22 June 2017
Colares Stingray Fontitrygon colarensis Decreasing   Critically Endangered 01 July 2019
Pelagic Stingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea Unknown Least Concern 09 November 2018
Blotched Fantail Ray Taeniurops meyeni Decreasing   Vulnerable   24 July 2023
Large-eye Stingray Hypanus marianae Decreasing   Endangered 01 July 2019
Jenkin's Whipray Pateobatis jenkinsii Decreasing   Endangered 24 July 2023
Wingfin Stingray Fontitrygon geijskesi Decreasing Critically Endangered 01 July 2019
Longnose Stingray Hypanus guttatus Decreasing   Near Threatened 21 June 2019
Thorny Whipray Fontitrygon ukpam Decreasing Critically Endangered 04 August 2020
Round Stingray Taeniurops grabatus Decreasing Near Threatened   04 August 2020
Blackspotted Whipray Maculabatis astra Decreasing Near Threatened 10 March 2024
Marbled Whipray Fluvitrygon oxyrhynchus Decreasing Endangered 22 January 2021
Mangrove Whipray Urogymnus granulatus Decreasing Endangered 24 July 2023
Honeycomb Whipray Himantura undulata Decreasing Endangered 06 May 2020
Broad Cowtail Ray   Pastinachus ater Decreasing Vulnerable   19 May 2020

Phylogeny

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Dasyatidae
Phylogenetic relationships of dasyatid genera, based on mitochondrial DNA (Makararaja not included; Megatrygon does not cluster within the family).[5]







See also

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References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dasyatidae.
  1. ^ Puckridge M, Last PR, White WT, Andreakis N (2012). "Phylogeography of the Indo-West Pacific maskrays (Dasyatidae, Neotrygon): a complex example of chondrichthyan radiation in the Cenozoic". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (2): 217–232. doi:10.1002/ece3.448. PMC 3586632. PMID 23467194.
  2. ^ a b Berkovitz, Barry; Shellis, Peter (2017). "Chondrichthyes 2". The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. pp. 29–41. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802850-6.00003-5. ISBN 978-0-12-802850-6.
  3. ^ a b Song, Won Jun; Lee, Younghoon; Jung, Yeonsu; Kang, Yong-Woo; Kim, Junhyung; Park, Jae-Man; Park, Yong-Lae; Kim, Ho-Young; Sun, Jeong-Yun (26 November 2021). "Soft artificial electroreceptors for noncontact spatial perception". Science Advances. 7 (48) eabg9203. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.9203S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg9203. PMC 8612677. PMID 34818043.
  4. ^ De Iuliis, Gerardo; Pulerà, Dino (2019). "The Shark". The Dissection of Vertebrates. pp. 53–109. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-410460-0.00003-6. ISBN 978-0-12-410460-0.
  5. ^ a b Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 345–368. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2. PMID 27470808.
  6. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Klug, Stefanie; de Vos, John; Kriwet, Jürgen (2018-05-12). "Anatomy, relationships and palaeobiogeographic implications of the first Neogene holomorphic stingray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the early Miocene of Sulawesi, Indonesia, SE Asia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly020. hdl:2318/1766104. ISSN 0024-4082.
  7. ^ a b "Dasyatidae (Stingrays) | INFORMATION | Animal Diversity Web". animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2025-11-20.
  8. ^ a b "Whiptail Stingrays: Characteristics and bology of the family Dayatidae". www.elasmodiver.com. Retrieved 2025-11-20.
  9. ^ Berkovitz, Barry; Shellis, Peter (2017). "Chondrichthyes 2". The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. pp. 29–41. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802850-6.00003-5. ISBN 978-0-12-802850-6.
  10. ^ "FAMILY Details for Dasyatidae - Stingrays". www.fishbase.se. Retrieved 2025-11-20.
  11. ^ "ICUN Red List Whiptail stingrays". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024-11-29. Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  12. ^ "Human Threats on Sharks & Rays: Climate Change, Overfishing, Pollution, Tourism, and Habitat Loss". Marine Megafauna Foundation. Retrieved 2025-12-09.