DZ
DefZone.Net

Kien thuc cong nghe & giai tri

Wiki Article

Word of Faith

Nguồn dữ liệu từ Wikipedia, hiển thị bởi DefZone.Net

Xem trên WikipediaBài ngẫu nhiên khác
Not to be confused with Word of Faith Fellowship.
Word of Faith
ClassificationProtestant
TheologyNeo-charismatic movement, Prosperity theology, New Apostolic Reformation
FounderKenneth Hagin

Word of Faith is a movement within charismatic Christianity which teaches that Christians can get power and financial prosperity through prayer, and that those who believe in Jesus's death and resurrection have the right to physical health.[1]: 8 

The movement was founded by the American Kenneth Hagin in the 1960s, and has its roots in the teachings of E. W. Kenyon.[1]: 5–6 

Several characteristic traits of the movement have attracted much criticism.

Kenneth E. Hagin (1917–2003), a key figure in shaping and expanding the Word of Faith movement

History

[edit]

The Baptist minister E. W. Kenyon (1867–1948) is generally cited as the originator of Word of Faith's teachings. Kenyon's writings influenced Kenneth Hagin Sr., who scholars have emphasized played the central role in shaping and expanding the modern Word of Faith movement. According to Simon Coleman, Hagin's teachings were closely tied to his personal experiences of healing and his interpretation of biblical passages surrounding faith and speech.[2] After World War II, Hagin became involved in healing revival ministries before gradually moving away from the stricter style of traditional Pentecostalism to charismatic Christianity. This drift allowed him to reach out to a much broader audience, and ultimately led to Hagin leaving the Assemblies of God, as his more flexible approach to faith practice conflicted with the denomination's established norms. His "Faith Seminar of the Air," a radio show that was aired throughout the U.S and Canada, helped him gain national recognition after moving his ministry known as the Kenneth E Hagin Evangelistic Association, or Rhema, to Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1966. Hagin also used mass media platforms, such as the Word of Faith magazine to send to thousands of households every month. Approximately 16,000 alumni from almost thirty different countries, the majority coming from North America, had graduated from Rhema by the mid-1990's, which trained thousands of ministers who additionally taught and spread the Word of Faith.[2] Throughout the 20th century, Word of Faith and other large charismatic movements grew significantly worldwide. According to the Pew Research Center, there were approximately 305 million charismatic Christians globally in 2010, with much of this growth concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia-Pacific region.[3]

Teachings

[edit]

Distinctive Word of Faith teachings include physical, emotional, financial, relational, and spiritual healing for those who keep their covenant with God.[1] The movement urges believers to speak what they desire, in agreement with the promises and provisions of the Bible, as an affirmation of God's plans and purposes. They believe this is what Jesus meant when he said in Mark 11:22–24[4] that believers shall have whatsoever they say and pray with faith. The term word of faith itself is derived from Romans 10:8[5] which speaks of "the word of faith that we preach".[6]

Healing

[edit]

The Word of Faith teaches that complete healing (of spirit, soul, and body) is included in Christ's atonement and therefore is available immediately to all who believe. Frequently cited is Isaiah 53:5,[7] ("by his stripes we are healed"), and Matthew 8:17,[8] which says Jesus healed the sick so that "it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the Prophet, 'Himself took our infirmities, and bore our sicknesses'."

Because Isaiah speaks in the present tense ("we are healed"), Word of Faith teaches that believers should accept the reality of a healing that is already theirs, first by understanding that physical healing is part of the New Testament's promise of salvation. It is reinforced by confessing the Bible verses which assert this healing and believing them while rejecting doubt. This does not deny pain, sickness, or disease, but denies its right to supersede the gift of salvation in Isaiah 53:5 and many other passages.[9] According to adherents, sickness is generally Satan's attempt to rob believers of their divine right to total health.[10]

Prosperity

[edit]
Main article: Prosperity theology

Word of Faith teaching holds that its believers have a divine right to prosper in all areas of life, including finances, health, marriage, and relationships. Prosperity is not desired for the hoarding of finances but is often framed by followers as a way to support religious missions and charitable giving.[11]

Word of Faith preachers such as Creflo Dollar and Kenneth Copeland claim that Jesus was rich, and teach that modern believers are entitled to financial wealth.[1]: 30 [12]

Faith and confession

[edit]

In Word of Faith teaching, a central element of receiving from God is "confession", often called "positive confession" or "faith confession" by practitioners. Sholars have analyzed "positive confession" as a central theological component, but also a more practical component of the Word of Faith movement, emphasizing that the belief that language functions as a pathway for faith and material outcomes. According to Milmon F. Harrison, this doctrine displays a broader understanding that linking spiritual belief with tangible results in everyday life can be achieved through faith which can be activated by speech.[1] Practitioners will claim and affirm they have healing, well being, prosperity, or other promises from God, before actually experiencing such results. They do so in demonstration of their faith, which they believe will ultimately result in the fulfillment of their words. While similar, it is typically distinguished from Norman Vincent Peale's positive thinking theology, which emphasizes having faith in God and self-confidence by believing in oneself. [11] Noted Word of Faith teachers, such as Kenneth E. Hagin and Charles Capps, have argued that God created the universe by speaking it into existence (Genesis 1),[13] and that God has endowed believers with this power. Thus, making a "positive confession" of God's promise and believing God's word stirs the power of resurrection which raised Christ from the dead (Ephesians 1:19–20,[14] 3:20),[15] and brings that promise to fulfilment. This teaching is interpreted from Mark 11:22–23.[16] A more recent variant of positive confession is "decree and declare".[17] Word of Faith preachers have called faith a "force".[18]

Conversely, "negative confession" is believed to be harmful, and so it is taught that believers should be conscious of their words. This is argued on the interpretation of Proverbs 18:21,[19] "Life and death are in the power of the tongue, and they that love them will eat the fruit thereof", and also Numbers 14:28,[20] "...saith the Lord, as you have spoken in my ears, so will I do", among other biblical passages cited by followers of the movement, who focus on the power of speech in shaping spiritual and material outcomes.[1]

Criticism

[edit]

Many of the movement's essential beliefs are criticised by other Christians. Christian author Robert M. Bowman, Jr. states that the word of faith movement is "neither soundly orthodox nor thoroughly heretical".[21]

One of the earliest critics of Word of Faith teaching was Oral Roberts University professor Charles Farah, who published From the Pinnacle of the Temple in 1979. In the book, Farah expressed his disillusionment with the teachings, which he argued were more about presumption than faith.[22]

In 1982, one of Farah's students, Daniel Ray McConnell, submitted a thesis, Kenyon Connection, to the faculty at Oral Roberts University, tracing the teaching back through Hagin to Kenyon and ultimately to New Thought, and calling the distinctive Word of Faith beliefs a heretical "Trojan Horse" in the Christian church. McConnell repeated this argument in his book, A Different Gospel, in 1988.

One of McConnell's classmates, Dale H. Simmons, published his own doctoral research at Drew University, arguing that Kenyon was influenced by heterodox metaphysical movements and the Faith Cure movement of the nineteenth century. In 1990, The Agony of Deceit surveyed the critiques of Word of Faith doctrines. One of the authors, Christian Research Institute founder Walter Martin, issued his personal judgment that Kenneth Copeland was a false prophet and that the movement as a whole was heretical.[23]

E W Kenyon in his book The Two Kinds of Faith, denounced New Thought himself, writing:

'Christian Science, Unity, and the other Metaphysical and philosophical teachers of today do not believe God is a person. They will tell you that He is a perfect mind, but He has no location. It is just a great universal mind which finds its home in every individual. He has no headquarters. It is just a mind without a brain, without a personality.'

'They do not believe in sin as Paul taught it in the Revelation given to him. They do not believe that Jesus died for our sins, but that He died as a martyr. They do not believe that He had a literal Resurrection, a physical Resurrection, but as one puts it, "a metaphysical resurrection."'

'If God is not a person and Jesus did not put sin away, then who is Jesus and what is the value of our faith in Him? One of them calls Him "The way-shower". He is not a way-shower. HE IS THE WAY! Their faith in Jesus and their faith in God is, after all, faith in themselves and what they inherently have within themselves.' [24]

Milder criticisms were made by William DeArteaga in his book Quenching the Spirit. He concedes some New Thought influence in Kenyon's teaching, but argues that Kenyon's views helped the church rediscover some biblical truths. Arguing similarly but in an opposite direction is Robert M. Bowman, Jr., formerly of the Christian Research Institute. His book The Word-Faith Controversy is more sympathetic to Kenyon's historical background yet more critical of his doctrine than DeArteaga's work.

Evangelist Justin Peters, an outspoken critic of the Word of Faith movement, wrote his Master of Divinity thesis on Benny Hinn and has appeared frequently as an expert on Word of Faith pastors in documentaries and TV news stories. In his seminar "Clouds Without Water", he traces the movement's origins to the Phineas Quimby's New Thought and E. W. Kenyon's Positive Confession in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[25]

In contrast, Pastor Joe McIntyre, now head of Kenyon's Gospel Publishing Society in Washington, argues that the primary influences of Kenyon were A.B. Simpson[26] and A.J. Gordon of the Faith Cure branch of the Evangelical movement. McIntyre's version is told in the authorized biography, E. W. Kenyon: The True Story. The same year, Pentecostal scholar Gordon Fee wrote a series of articles denouncing what he called The Disease of the Health-and-Wealth Gospel.

Hank Hanegraaff published his book Christianity in Crisis in 1993 which revolves around the rejection of modern movements like Word of Faith, as he believed it departed from orthodox Christian doctrine, by having unorthodox views on the nature of God, Jesus and humanity as well as characterizing some associated churches as cult-like. Since the 1990's Hanegraaff has continued to address Word of Faith teachings through his Christian Research Institute ministry.

Other critics, such as Norman Geisler, Dave Hunt and Roger Oakland, have denounced Word of Faith theology as aberrant and contrary to the teachings of the Bible.

One of the movements prominent critics who was a part of the Grace Community Church is John Macarthur. Macarthur described prosperity gospel beliefs as theologically unorthodox. He believes that well-known Word of Faith leaders have taken advantage of and deceived their financially struggling followers through the movement.

'Little gods' belief

[edit]

Many Word of Faith teachers use phrases such as "little gods" to describe believers. Kenneth Hagin wrote that God had created humans "in the same class of being that he is himself,"[27] and reasoned that if humans are made in God's image, they are "in God's class",[28] and thereby 'gods'.[28][29] E.W. Kenyon wrote, “Every man who has been ‘born again’ is an Incarnation, and Christianity is a miracle. The believer is as much an Incarnation as was Jesus of Nazareth.” [30]

Many Evangelical critics have condemned the "little gods" teaching as cultic. Hank Hanegraaff, for example, contends the 'little gods' doctrine is on a par with the teachings of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Jim Jones.[31]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Harrison, Milmon F. (2005). Righteous Riches: The Word of Faith Movement in Contemporary African American Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195153880.
  2. ^ a b Coleman, Simon (2000). The globalisation of charismatic Christianity: spreading the gospel of prosperity. Cambridge studies in ideology and religion. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66072-3.
  3. ^ "Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population". (Report). Pew Research Center. 2011-12-19. Archived from the original on 2026-04-27. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
  4. ^ Mark 11:22–24
  5. ^ Romans 10:8
  6. ^ Gilley, Gary E, The Word-Faith Movement, Rapid net, archived from the original on 2015-07-12, retrieved 2010-05-02.
  7. ^ Isaiah 53:5
  8. ^ Matthew 8:17
  9. ^ Kenneth E. Hagin, Right and Wrong Thinking, (Kenneth Hagin Ministries, 1966)
  10. ^ Jerry Savelle, If Satan Can't Steal Your Joy..., (Harrison House, 1982)
  11. ^ a b Bowler, Kate (2013). Blessed: a history of the American prosperity gospel. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982769-5.
  12. ^ Blake, John (22 October 2006). "Was Jesus rich? Swanky messiah not far-fetched in Prosperity Gospel". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006.
  13. ^ Genesis 1
  14. ^ Ephesians 1:19–20
  15. ^ Ephesians 3:20
  16. ^ Mark 11:22–23
  17. ^ Denver Cheddie, Is Decree and Declare Scriptural?, Bible Issues, bibleissues.org
  18. ^ Kenneth Copeland, The Force of Faith, (KCP Publications, 1989)
  19. ^ Proverbs 18:21
  20. ^ Numbers 14:28
  21. ^ The Word-Faith Controversy, Watchman.
  22. ^ Farah, Charles (1979), From the Pinnacle of the Temple, Logos
  23. ^ "Walter Martin's Warning to the Church". Let Us Reason Ministries. 1988. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  24. ^ 'The Two Kinds of Faith', E W Kenyon, pages 17-18.
  25. ^ Purdom, Dr. Georgia (March 3, 2020). "Clouds Without Water". Answers in Genesis.
  26. ^ King, Paul L (25 May 2017), A.B. Simpson & the Modern Faith Movement, Hope, faith, prayer.
  27. ^ Kenneth E. Hagin, Zoe: The God-Kind of Life, (Kenneth Hagin Ministries, Inc., 1989)
  28. ^ a b E. W. Kenyon, The Father and His Family (Lynnwood, WA: Kenyon’s Gospel Publishing Society, 32nd printing, 1998 [1916, 1937]), p.34
  29. ^ Kenneth E. Hagin, New Thresholds of Faith (Tulsa, OK: FLP, 2nd ed, 1985 [1972]), p. 56.
  30. ^ Kenyon, E.W. The Father and His Family (17 ed.). Lynnwood: Kenyon’s Gospel Publishing Society. p. 100.
  31. ^ Hank Hanegraaff, Christianity in Crisis, (Harvest House, 1992)
[edit]