Convention People's Party

Convention People's Party

political party

Di pilli ni	12 Silimin gɔli June 1949
Zuliya wuhibu	Convention People's Party
Ŋun pili	Kwame Nkrumah
Daanbolo	Samia Nkrumah
Tiŋa	Ghana
Political ideology	Pan-Africanism, African socialism, Nkrumaism
Di duzuɣu shee	Ankara
Din doli na	People's National Party
SRGB nahingbaŋ hex triplet	C80815
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabili	http://conventionpeoplesparty.org/
Ban be yaɣani	Category:Convention People's Party (Ghana) politicians

E-Class

Convention People's Party^[1] (CPP) nyɛla socialist paati din be Ghana ka di daliri daa doli ti Ghana tuuli tingbani zuɣulana Dr. Kwame Nkrumah tɛha.^[2] CPP daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa paati shɛli silimiingoli June puuni, yuuni 1949 di ni daa niŋ ka Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa zo ka che United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) la^{[3] [4][5][6]}.

Di pilli

Convention People's Party nyɛla din daa yina paati laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa 20th century piligu ni di sɔŋsi n-deei maŋsulinsi Gold Coast..^[7] Din daa beni poi ni CPP nyɛ United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa silimiingoli August yuuni 1947 ka baŋdiba daa nyɛ di kpamba. ^[8] Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni laɣingu ŋɔ yɛligi din yɛn tooi sɔŋsi bɛ maŋsulinsi tuhi deegi soya la. Di kpamba daa gbaaya ni di piigi gbaŋŋmara kpema ŋun yɛn sɔŋsi ka di yɛligi ka kpaŋsi taɣibu soya. ^[9]Tuuli, bɛ daa gbaami m-piigi Ebenezer Ako Adjei, ŋun daa nyɛ looya la, ni bɛ yɔri o ka o tumdi gbaŋŋmaritali tuma ŋɔ tiri ba, amaa o daa bi saɣi ti ka daa tiri ba wuhi Kwame Nkrumah, ŋun daa nyɛ siyaasa baŋda ka be London lala saha maa.^[9] Ako Adjei daa nyɛla ŋun mi Nkrumah dama o mini o n-daa laɣim chaŋ Lincoln University din be United State ni London School of Economics. O daa lahi nyɛla zuɣulaan' kuro zaŋ ti West African Students Union (WASU) din daa tuui deegi Nkrumah saha shɛli o ni daa yi United States m-paagi Britain.^[10]

UGCC kpamba daa saɣi ti Ako Adjei yɛligu maa ni bɛ boli Kwame Nkrumah, lala saha ŋɔ niriba daa pun mi Nkrumah dama o baŋsim zaŋ kpa siyaasa yaɣili daa yi polo zaa.^[11] Kwame Nkrumah mini George Padmore nti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba daa nyɛla ban daa laɣim niriba yuuni 1945 ka bɛ niŋ Fifth Pan-African Congress, Manchester, England.^[12] Nkrumah dintoli zuɣu o daa sabi binshɛli bɛ ni boli Declaration to the Colonial Peoples of the World, ka congress maa daa saɣi deei li ni bɛ ni zaŋ li tum tuma. O daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' so ŋun ni tooi laɣim Gold Coast niriba ni bipola ka bɛ pahi n-tuhi deegi maŋsulinsi^[13][14]

Kwame Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun na bi bɔri ni o saɣi deegi lala gbaŋŋmaritali ŋɔ, dama UGCC niriba mini bɛ ni daa zaŋ ti binshɛli daa bi doli ŋuni Nkrumah ni bɔri shɛm n-ti Gold Coast ni Africa.^[15] O daa mali o tabi saawara ka daa ti pa saɣi n-deegi lala zaashee maa, ka lee kuli mi ni di ni tooi bi yuugi ka o che lala tuma maa. ^[16] Silimiingoli 14 November 1947, Kwame Nkrumah mini o zo Kojo Botsio ŋun gba daa pahi WASU daa nyɛla ban yi Liverpool n-kana Accra.^[16]

Bɛ daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah wuhi Working Committee ni ŋuni n-nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara silimiingoli December 28, yuuni 1947 ka tuma puuni daa nyɛ ni o laɣim niriba ka bɛ doli laɣingu maa, di bahi bahindi bipola, ka di nyɛmi o yɛn kpala bipola laɣinsi (di puuni shɛŋa n-nyɛ : Apowa Literary and Social Club) ni Ashanti Confederacy^[17] (kotomsi, Asante Youth Association- AYA), ka pukpariba, daabihi, duroobanima, nuuni tuumbaŋdiba, karimbanima, gbaŋŋmariba, zaa n-daa nyɛ ban be lala laɣingu maa puuni.^[18] Tuuli maa UGCC daa nyɛla din kuli mali niriba bela ka bɛ be teeku noya tinsi la ni nti pahi Kibi. Bɛ daa ka niriba Ashanti yaɣili, hali bɛ daa na ʒin mo ni bɛ bo niriba ka bɛ pahi laɣingu maani tudu yaɣili ŋɔ. ^[19] Kwame Nkrumah daa niŋ nia ni o taɣi lala ŋɔ zaa, di zuɣu o daa kuli nyɛla ŋun go Ghana bɔba ni yaɣa n-laɣim salo, ka bɛ ti yɛn yɛli ni chira ayɔbu nyaaŋa UGCC laɣinsi daa pa gari kobiga Gold Coast.

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa nyɛla bɛ ni pii ninvuɣ' so gbaŋŋmari kpɛma zaŋ ti UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka UGCC kpɛma maa daa gbaagi o kpari dama o daa wum la ŋumaŋuma zaŋ kpa Nkrumah tɛhi shɛli o ni daa mali zaŋ chaŋ o maŋmaŋa paati kpabu polo la.^[20] Kwame Nkrumah daa kpala Convention People's Party ni UGCC ninvuɣu' shɛba yɛda puuni, ka daa mali nia ni o nyɛ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di mini Kwame Nkrumah^[21] CPP toondaantali ŋɔ zaa yoli, o daa lahi laɣim la kataali ayirimo n-daa saɣiri tiri maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di zuɣu daa kpɛhi o sarika pahi ayi, amaa o daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa bahi so di ni daa niŋ ka CPP daa di piibu-piibu maa ni kalinli din galisi pam din daa doli gbampiɛla piibu-piibu ni ka o lee be sarika puuni. CPP nyaandoliba daa saɣimi ti Kwame Nkrumah tɛha maa ka daa dihi bɛ nuhi viɛnyɛla ti o ni o nyɛ yaa n-niŋ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti.[1]^{[permanent dead link]} Sabbu buɣisiya pam zaŋ kpa Ghana politiisa paati nima piligu polo. Ti yi yuli 1948 riot ni, Convention People's Party dɔɣibu ni din pahi pahi, binshɛŋa din daa che ka CPP ti kpa, ka Kwame Nkrumah daa gari tooni n-daa zani CPP zaani n-kpaɣiri bo gɔmnanti toondaantali ni gbampiɛla ka daa ti di nasara n-deei Ghana maŋsulinsi^[22] zaa daa nyɛla din pahi sabbu ŋɔ yɛl'kpana puuni.^[23]

1948 Riots

Saha shɛli Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ni daa paana Gold Coast yuuni 1947 bahigu, niriba pam suhuri daa bi piɛla di ni daa kuli niŋ ka bindira daa kuli nyɛ din kani ka nɛma mini binshɛɣu kam dahi kuli pahira.^[24] Pukpariba daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ suhupiɛlli di ni daa niŋ ka zaligu kana ni di ŋmahimi cocoa ti' shɛŋa swollen shoot doro la ni daa mali la, ka bɛ pala ban diri anfaani shɛli di puuni. Sooja kura ban daa pahi ka bɛ tuhi World War II for ‘King and Country’ la daa nyɛla bɛ ni kuli ti shɛb' liɣiri biɛla ka wahala daa bi che o ka mali o gba kamani di ni daa mali niriba pam tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni shɛm.^[25]

Nanima mini siyaasanima daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ zaɣa zaŋ kpa miisim shɛli din daa be tiŋgbani maa ni maa, ka di daa ti paagi Nii Kwabena Bonnne II, Osu Alata Mantse, ni o gari tooni ka bɛ to ayirimo zaŋ kpa nɛma dahi ŋɔ pahibu pahibu ni miisim maa zuɣu. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ni daa paana Gold Coast, goli nyaaŋa, niriba daa kuli nyɛla ban to ayirimo zaɣisi nɛma dabu tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima ni su shɛli, ka di nyɛla Nii Kwabena Bonnne n-daa be di tooni silimiingoli January 26, yuuni 1948.

Ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa niŋ hali ni goli saha ka ban daa be ayirimo ŋɔ tooni mini gɔmnanti ni tuma duri ŋo gbaari saawaranima din ni sɔŋ ka nɛma maa dahi boogi - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM). Sooja kura gba daa kuli nyɛla ban zaɣisi ka Kwame Nkrumah ni Dr. Joseph Boakye Danquah daa nyɛ ban daa di ba alizama rally ni ankara silimiingoli February 20 yuuni 1948. Bɛ daa zaŋ gbaŋ din wuhiri bɛ yɛl'muɣisira ni bɛ zaŋ ti Governor.^[26]

Nii Kwabena Bonne ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa gbaagi ni bɛ booi nɛma dahi, ka lala ŋɔ daa simsi ni di pili li silimiingoli February 28, yuuni 1948 ka ayirimo shɛli bɛ ni daa to ni bɛ zaɣisi tiŋduya nɛma dabu ŋɔ daa biri zali shɛli soli. Lala dabisili ŋɔ, February 28, sooja kura ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kuli yina m-maachi chaŋ Christiansborg Castle ni bɛ ti zaŋ bɛ yɛl'muɣisira n-sɔŋ gɔmnanti. Bɛ daa nyɛla British officer ŋun yuli daa booni Superintendent Colin Imray ni daa che ka pirinsi gu shɛba soli. Di ni daa niŋ ka sooja kura ŋɔ zaɣisi zanibu, Imray daa nyɛla ŋun bahi pirinsi ŋɔ noli ni bɛ luhimi ba buɣum. Linjimanima ban kalinli daa yiɣisi niriba ata, bana n-daa nyɛ – Sergeant Adjetey, Private Odartey Lamptey ni Corporal Attipoe – daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku shɛba ka niriba pam gba daa deegi dansi din daa saɣi dansi. Zabili ŋɔ lahibali daa nyɛla din chaŋ nti to niriba ban suhuri daa pun nyɛ din yiɣisi zaŋ kpa nɛma daa dubu maa ni. Binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ pa tiŋduya daabihi ni bana n-kuli be nɛma dahi pahibu ŋɔ nyaaŋa. Shitɔri ni tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima dina zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali ka saɣim saɣim bɛ nɛma maa shɛŋa. Fitiina ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yi ankara n-kpe tiŋ shɛŋa gba.

Di ni daa niŋ ka fitina ŋɔ kuli nyɛ din yɛligiri maa zuɣu, Governor Sir Gerald Creasy, daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tiŋgbani be muɣisigu ni. Executive committee zaŋ ti UGCC nima daa nyɛla ban tim tuumba na A. Creech Jones sani, ŋun daa nyɛ British gbaŋŋmara n-ti State of Colonies m-bɔri toondaan' gahindili Gold Coast tiŋgbani ni, ŋun yaa daa naan tooi saɣi ni o boli Constituent Assembly.

UGCC kpamba - J. B. Danquah, Ofori Atta, Akufo Addo, Ako Adjei, Obetsebi Lamptey ni Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, bɛ ni daa ti pa mi shɛba The Big Six la daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛba n-zaŋ ba tahi tudu yaɣili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa kuli gbib ba dakulo ayɔbu, poi ka daa naan yi ti zaŋ ba tahi Accra ni bɛ zani comittee shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa ni bɛ vihi ba la tooni din daa nyɛ Governor ni daa kpa shɛli ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Aiken Watson Q.C.

Bɛ ni daa vihi ba naagi, Watson comissioners ŋɔ daa yɛliya ni Kwame Nkrumah n-kuli nyɛ ninvuɣ' so ŋun su galimi yala maa zaa puuni. Bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni wuhiya ni U.G.C.C nima daa pala ban pili tuma, bɛ tuma ŋɔ daa nyɛla din pili saha shɛli Kwame Nkrumah ni daa paana tiŋgbani maa ni silimiingoli December 16, yuuni 1947"^[27] Bɛ daa nyɛla ban kuli lihi kadama Nkrumah ni daa bɔri shɛm siyaasa polo maa daa nyɛla din gari o tabi' maa zaa dina. Bɛ daa yɛliya ni bɛ sabi zalikpamipala ka di zani zaɣ'kurili la zaani, di ni daa mi shɛli Burns constitution la zaani. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, Silimiingoli December 1948, Governor daa kpala committee ni bɛ lihi zalikpana ŋɔ sabbu ni, ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Mr. Justice Coussey.

UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla ban galim ka feegi Kwame Nkrumah fitiina shɛli din daa niŋ maa zuɣu, bɛ ninvuɣ' shɛba kamani Obestebi-Lamptey ni William Ofori-Atta, daa nyɛla ban daa ŋme n-kpe Nkrumah yiŋa ni bɛ ti nya shɛhira. Lala saha ŋɔ, di daa pa do palo ni kadama Kwame Nkrumah mini o niriba maa ni daa ka nangbanyini ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ laɣim tum tuma daa niŋla tom ti ba.

UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla niriba ni mi shɛba pam, dama bɛ ni daa gbahi ba kpari la zuɣu, lala ŋɔ daa lahi tahila nuhi tiribu na bɛ maŋmaŋ sunsuuni na ka di zuɣu daa ti che ka bɛ woli taba. Tab' wolibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla intelligentsia of the UGCC ban daa yɛli ni bɛ doli bela bela nti deegi maŋ sulinsi ni radical "Veranda Boys", ban gba daa kuli wumdi Kwame Nkrumah noli.

Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ piigi UGCC nima, nti pahi J. B. Danquah ni bɛ pahi Justice Coussey's "Committee on Constitutional Reform" la ni, daa che ka Nkrumah tooi kpa bipola laɣingu. UGCC ŋɔ ni daa kuli jɛndi shɛli ka looyanima ban mini silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛ nyaɣisim ni be shɛb' sunsuuni daa nyɛ bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba m-pahi Coussey committee laɣingu maa ni.^[28]

Silimiingoli August yuuni 1948, "Commitee on Youth orzanizations" daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli ka K. A. Gbedemah nyɛ kuɣulana, nti pahi Kojo Botsio ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara la. J.B Danquah mini o taba daa nyɛla dabiɛm ni daa kuli gbahi shɛba zaŋ chaŋ bɛ yaɣili maa niriba ni daa pa saɣi doli Kwame Nkrumah mini o toontali shɛm.^[29] Bɛ daa bi saɣi ti o ni o kpa Committee on Youth Organisation (CYO) din daa nyɛ bipola laɣingu la, ka daa yɛli ni di nyɛla laɣingu shɛli Kwame Nkrumah ni kpa ni o di valiŋ deegi maŋsulinsi. CYO ŋɔ taachi daa nyɛla "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ", ka UGCC taachi nyɛ "Maŋsulinsi saha biɛla din kanna ni". Dabiɛm daa mali ba mi kadama bɛ daa tɛhirimi ni Kwame Nkrumah zalisi bee o tumanima ŋɔ ni tooi lahi tahi fitiina na din ni tooi che ka bɛ lahi kpɛhi ba sarika yaha.

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa nyɛla UGCC Working Committee ni daa boli so nti darigi o tibili, tib'darigibo ŋɔ nyɛmi kadama bɛ daa na deegi o gbaŋŋmaritali zaashee maa ka che o, ka di daliri nyɛmi ni o daa zoomi ka o yari yɛltɔɣili " Comrade" o yi ti diri niriba alizama, yaha ni o mini West African National Secretariat din be London la pɔha daa yoori la taba.^[30]

UGCC kpamba daa kuli nyɛla ban niŋ nimmɔhi ni bɛ yihi Nkrumah ka o lahi pa bɛ gbaŋŋmara. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ daa tuui zaŋ Accra Evening News wuhi salo yuuni 1948, din daa nyɛ Kwame Nkrumah ni pili shɛli, ka K. A. Gbedemah mi daa nyɛ ŋun lihiri ka sabbu maa sabiri dooni viɛnyɛla.

UGCC laɣidibo yaɣili kpema bɛ ni daa kuli mi so Paa Grant la daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ yihi Dr. Kwame Nkrumah o gbaŋŋmaritali ni.^[31] UGCC kpamba daa laɣimla tiŋ yuli booni Saltpond, ka bɛ daa kari ninvuɣ' so ŋun daa nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti Nkrumah ka daa labisi Nkrumah mi nyaaŋa ni o ti leegi bɛ laɣisɔŋda. O daa nyɛla ŋun zaɣisi li tuuli, ka daa ti leei lahi saɣi ti li silimiingoli November yuuni 1948.

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah mini o niriba daa nyɛla ban nyenyɔnigu daa kpaŋsi pam dama UGCC daa bi tooi chani viɛnyɛla yuuni 1949 saha, di ni daa niŋ ka niriba pam di bahi bahindi bipola daa za o nyaaŋa la zuɣu. Kwame Nkrumah mini o taba daa pa kuli zami ni bɛ mini UGCC yɛn wolimi ka bɛ ti kpa paati palli.^[32]

CPP Dɔɣim

Di ni daa niŋ ka CYO daa ʒini dabaata ʒinahigu silimiingoli June, yuuni 1949, Tarkwa, bɛ yaɣi yini din daa nyɛ K. A. Gbedemah mini Kojo Botsio ni daa be shɛb' tooni la daa yɛliya ni bɛ mini UGCC wolima, ka yaɣi shɛli ban toondana daa nyɛ Kofi Baako la gba daa kuli zaya ni bɛ labisi Nkrumah o gbaŋŋmaritali ni zaŋ ti UGCC din yɛn che ka bu ni tooi nyɛri lahibaya di puuni. Bi zaa daa ti pa laɣim gbaagi ni bɛ kpami paati palli ka kuli che m-booni li"Convention" ^[33]

Silimiingoli June 11, yuuni 1949, Working Committee zaŋ ti UGCC daa nyɛla ban yina n-ti yɛli ni di ku tooi niŋ ka niri yɛn be CYO ka lahi be UGCC. Di zuɣu bɛ daa yɛlimi ni Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun birigi paati zaligu ka di zaya ni bɛ darigi o tibili, ni di ni daa kuli lahi niŋ ka o daa sabi sabbu wuhi salo Accra Evening News, la ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bi ti Working Committee maa jilima ka lahi nyɛ ŋun zu bɛ haŋkali.^[34]

Dabisili nyaaŋa, silimiingoli June 12 yuuni 1949, niriba ban kalinli daa yiɣisi kamani 60,000 daa nyɛla ban laɣisi Old Polo Ground, Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ o daalikalimi tiŋa ni o ku lahi nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka daa lahi nyɛ ŋun niŋ CPP suuna lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni. O daa yɛliya ni CYO daa nyɛla ban gbaagi ni bɛ yihi bɛ maŋ ka che UGCC ka gba leegi bɛ dintoli paati, Convention People's Party (CPP).^[35]

Kojo Botsio daa nyɛla ŋun sabi n-ti UGCC Working Committee n-yɛli ba bɛ ni kpa CPP paati shɛm ka Kwame Nkrumah nyɛ bɛ zuɣulana. Ni bɛ mi daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ bɔrila "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ zaŋ ti Gold Coast nanima mini bɛ niriba, democratiya gɔmnanti ni biɛhisuŋ zaŋ ti niriba". UGCC^[36] Working Committee gba daa sabila gbaŋ silimingoli June 15 yuuni 1949, n-yɛri niriba ni bɛ nuu ka CPP paati palli shɛli bɛ ni yoli kpa maa ni. Bɛ sabbu ŋɔ daa lahi yɛli ni Paa Grant na kuli nyɛla ŋun mali tamaha ni UGCC nima zantuhi ba. Yaha ni paati palli shɛli bɛ ni kpa ŋɔ pala binshɛli din yɛn sɔŋ tiŋgbani maa pahila di yɛn labisi li mi nyaaŋa.^[37]

Tɛhizilimanima ban daa be UGCC daa nya barina shɛli din be tooni ha, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bo maligu n-ti yɛltɔɣa maa. Silimiingoli June 26, yuuni 1949, bɛ daa piigi ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ni bɛ lihi m-bo maligu lala yaɣa a yi ŋɔ sunsuuni, ka bɛ daa kuli boli UGCC laɣingu palimpalim, bipola laɣinsi ni CPP ka bɛ zaa daa laɣim Saltpond.^[38] Saha daa pun nyɛla din chaŋ pam zaŋ kpa maligu ŋɔ bɔbu ni, dama CPP nima daa kuli yihila bɛ maŋa ka che UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ bi tooi nyɛ luɣ'yini doni, ka dama bɛ piimi Working Committee palli saha shɛli Nkrumah ni daa saɣi ni o labi leegi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka CPP lahi leei din kani.^[39]

CPP kpabu daa nyɛla yɛlikpani Ghana taarihi ni, dama di daa sɔŋsiya ka tiŋgbani maa deegi maŋsulinsi silimiingoli March 6, yuuni 1957.^[40]

CPP colours, motto, symbol and structure

CPP paati ŋɔ tuuta daa nyɛla ; zaɣ'ʒee, zaɣ'piɛlli nti pahi zaɣ' vacahali. Paati tuuta nahingbana ŋɔ daa puli puli mi dɔya,  ka zaɣ' ʒee be zuɣusaa,  ka zaɣ' piɛlli be sunsuuni ka naan yi che zaɣ' vakahili ka di mi be gbunni.

Paati maa salima n-daa nyɛ ''Tooni chandi sahakam nyaangi labibu kavuni'' ka Anashaara zinli zuɣu di nyɛ ''FORWARD EVER BACKWARD NEVER.''

CPP paati daa kpuɣila nianima ni bɛ che ka paati maa chaŋ fɔndi kam, ni tinkpaŋ kam ŋan be Ghana tiŋgbani yaangi zuɣu. Paati ŋɔ kpamba nianima daa nyɛmi ni bɛ che ka paati maa nyɛ sokam paati. Ka tiŋkpaŋ kam bee fɔŋ kam di mali bɛ paati kpamba.

Kpeen' shɛba bɛ ni daa kpa paati maa ka tuui pii ba n-nyɛ:

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (Chairman)

Kojo Botsio (Secretary)

K. A. Gbedemah

N. A. Welbeck

Kwesi Plange

Kofi Baako

Krobo Edusei

Dzenkle Dzewu

Ashie Nikoi

B.E. Dwira ^[41]

Positive Action

Yuŋ lahibali churi n-daa pa leegi paati maa ni doli so' shɛŋa n-tiri lahibaya ni di ni daa kuli niŋ ka di nyɛ so' shɛli din duhiri bɛ yee maŋsulinsi bɔbu ni la daa chɛmi ka salo pam mi li. Bɛ ni daa kuli zoogi ka bɛ yɛri yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ;^[42]

Ti gba mali so ni ti be ka dabba la

Ti ni paɣi barina kam din yɛn niŋdi zaŋ chaŋ ti maŋsulinsi deebu shee n-gari ti ni be shɛba sulinsi ni ŋɔ.

Ti mali yiko, yaa ni haŋkali shɛli din ni tooi gbibi ti maŋa.

'We have a right to live as men

We prefer self-government with danger to servitude in tranquility

We have the right to govern ourselves'

Di ni daa niŋ ka yuŋ lahibali churi karimbu nyɛ naba zanI naai, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa lahi nyɛla ŋun mini Kwame Afriyie daa pili Morning Telegraph Sekondi, ka Kwame Afriyie ŋɔ daa nyɛ ŋun daa ti pa leegi paati maa gbaŋŋmara. Cape Coast Daily Mail Kofi Boakye ni daa lihiri shɛli n-daa nyɛ din doli di nyaanga. Yaha, B.E Dwira daa nyɛla ŋun kpa Freedom Press and Publishing Company Kumasi, Ashanti region ka daa nyɛ ŋun che ka Ashanti Sentinel news paper paari salo ka di taachi daa nyɛ " Ti yɛrila yɛlimaŋli ka bɛ zɔri dabiɛm'. Lala lahibali takaranima ŋɔ daa nyɛla din kuli pahiri Dr. Kwame Nkrumah haŋkali ni o ni bɔri ni Ghana mini gbansabila tiŋgbana lɛbigi shɛm. B. E. Dwira n-daa nyɛ tuuli CPP kuɣulana zaŋ ti Kambonsi yaɣili Ghana tiŋgbani poi ka bɛ daa naan yi yihi Brong Ahafo Region silimiingoli April 1959, ŋuna n-daa lahi nyɛ kuɣulana tuuli zaŋ ti Kumasi City Council (di ni pa mi shɛli Mayor of Kumasi la)^[43]

CPP nima daa nyɛla ban zilisi ni gbanpiɛla gɔmnanti mini Gold Coast exstablishent daa bɔri ni bɛ zaŋ Coussey Committee on Constitutional Reform n-darigi maŋsulinsi bɔbu soli. Bɛ ni daa lihiri kamani Coussey committee ŋɔ ni yɛn tum tuun' shɛli maa bi yɛn mali ba anfaani la, bɛ daa pun gbaagi zaŋ kpa Positive Action, ka Nkrumah daa nyɛ ŋun sabi wuhi yuuni 1949 " What I mean by Positive Action".^[44]

O daa sabi wuhi ni binshɛŋa din be positive action ŋɔ ni n-nyɛ:

• Legitimate political agitation
• lahibaya wuligibu
• Di bahigu daa yɛn nyɛmi ka bɛ doli zalikpana n-to ayirimo shɛŋa din bi doli fitiina soya.
• Di kpalinkpaa ŋɔ nyɛla so' shɛli bɛ ni yɛn doli di yi ti niŋ ka soli kam bɛ ni ni tooi doli deegi maŋsulinsi kpari.^[45]

Kamani bɛ ni daa kuli tɛhi shɛm maa, Coussey Committee gbaabu maa ni daa kuli nyɛla din daa kuli ti gbansabila soli bela gɔmnanti ni, ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni fɔmbilim be dini. Silimiinsi gɔmnanti maa daa lahi bɔrila soya ni bɛ zaɣisi committee maa ni daa yɛli ni Executive Council (dini mi shɛli cabinet la) malimi African Legislative Council saawara.^[46] Bɛ daa sabi gbaŋ n-guhiri committee ŋɔ ni yɛn yɛli shɛm, bɛ gbaŋ ŋɔ puuni bɛ daa yɛliya ni saawara laɣim gbaagi nyɛla binshɛli din ni tooi niŋ di yi ti niŋ ka maŋsulinsi deegi zaazaa, amaa pa saha shɛli silimiinsi gɔmnanti ni na beni .^[47] Di bahi bahindi UGCC mini CPP zaa daa beni maa yoli, silimiisi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban ŋme nangbani kpeeni n-yɛli ni siyaasa paatinima nyɛla din ka Gold Coast ni di zuɣu "ni di ni be gala ni H.M.G ti Gold Coast maŋsulinsi din gari gbaŋ sabila tingbani shɛli bɛ ni boli Jamaica luɣ' shɛli paatinima ni beni"^[48]

Coussey Committee daa nyɛla ban bahi bɛ yeltɔɣa maa silimiingoli October 1949, to amaa di daa pun kuli nɛmi doya kamani bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa mini CPP ni daa bɔri shɛm maa "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ" daa woliya ka che taba. Ka daa lahi kuli nyɛ din kpaŋsi CPP nima ni daa pun tɛhi kamani dee silimiinsi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ naɣisi bɛ maŋsulinsi bɔbu maa.^[49]

CPP ni Trades Union Congress daa nyɛla ban laɣisi tuma duri din kalinli daa naan paagi pihinu, ka bɛ daa yi yaɣa kamani pukparilim, baŋsim bɔbu, bipola, paɣiba ni din pahi pahi ka bɛ ti kpa laɣingu shɛli ka bɛ daa pii yuli boli "Ghana Representative Assembly". UGCC ni Aborigines' Rights Protection Society daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa gahi nuu boli shɛba amaa ka bɛ daa lee zaɣisi bɛ boligu maa.^[50]

Assembly maa daa gbaaya ni :

"Ni British Gɔmnanti ti Gold Coast nima maŋsulinsi. Bɛ che ka tingbani ŋɔ sulinsi zaa labi tingbani ŋɔ niriba ni nanima sani"^[51]

Lala resolution ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa pii shɛŋa n-ti ban daa kuli be gɔmnanti ni, kamani Governor, Colonial secretary, Legislative Council ni Territorial Council of chiefs dibaata din daa kuli be tingbani maa ni, di zaa yoli bɛ daa bi niŋ zaɣa niŋ bɛ ni.^[52]

Lala saha maa yaha, tumtumdiba daa nyɛla ban kɔŋ ʒiya ka daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ labisim meterological service tumtumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari la ka di daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ daa to la ayirimo silimiingoli 5, October yuuni 1949, ka daa lahi yɛli ni bɛ yi bi niŋ bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa bɛ zaa nyɛla ban yɛn yina n-ti to ayirimo maa. CPP toondaamba daa nyɛla ban kuli gili tingbani maa bɔba ni di yaɣa n-laɣisiri niriba ni sɔŋdi Positive Action. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban zali gɔmnanti dabisili ni bɛ labisi meteorological tumtumdiba na tuma ni poi ni silimiingoli 7 january 1950.^[53]

Silimiingoli December, CPP kpamba daa nyɛla ban yɛli Governor, Sir Charles Arden Clark, ni di yi pala niriba maa ni bɔri shɛli maa niŋmi, ni CPP nyɛla ban yɛn piligi Positive Action. Bɛ daa ti la Governor maa bakoi dibaayi ni o saɣi ti CPP ka boli Constituent Assembly. .^[54]

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ n-ti paagi Colonial Secretary, ni bɛ ni daa kuli bahi noli ni CPP yɛltɔɣa nyɛla zalisi maliniŋ committee nima maa ni yɛn zaŋ shɛli pahi jina ni, o daa saɣiya ni o mini paati kpamba nyɛla ban yɛn di alizama ka labi lihi Positve Action la zuɣu. Dr. JB Danquah daa nyɛla ŋun daa yina n-ti galim ka feegi Nkrumah ni, "O dihi tingbani maa vi, di ni niŋ ka o che positive action saha shɛli gɔmnanti ni lo alikawule kuma la''.^[55] Bɛ mini gɔmnanti ni daa ʒini bushɛm zuɣu, di daa wuhiya ni bɛ ni daa bɔri constituent assembly maa daa pala binshɛli gɔmnanti ni lihiri shɛli zuɣu nti pahi tuuntumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari maa. Silimiingoli 8 January yuuni 1950, CPP niriba daa mali laɣingu Accra, ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni bɛ pilimi positive action.^[56] O daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tuntumdiba zaa zaŋmi bɛ tuma nɛma sɔŋ gbaai yihi ban daa kuli be ashibitinima ni, kom tuma duri ni ban tuma yi n-gahim . Shitɔri daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali. Pala ni ziligi tuma zaa daa nyɛla di ni che shɛŋa. O daa go n-chaŋ Sekondi, Cape Coast ni Takoradi nti yɛliba ni positive action nyɛla din pili. ^[57]

Silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ban garigi yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ silimiingoli January 10, ka daa yɛli ni tingbani maa be muɣisigu ni. Bɛ daa che ka daŋduu kpɛbu daa pili ka gɔmnanti tuma tingbani ŋɔ yaɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛ bɛ ni che shɛli. CPP lahibaya tuma duri daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋme n-saɣim shɛŋa ka kpari li zali. .^[58]

CPP ni TUC toondaannima, Bankole Awoonor Renner, Tommy Hutton Mills, Pobee Binney, Kojo Botsio ni Anthony Woode daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛbi nti kpari. CPP lahibaya wuligibu tuma duri ayi - The Accra Evening ni Cape Coast Daily Mail daa nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni bɛ di lahi tum tuma tingbani ŋɔ ni ka daa gbahi ban be tooni ka lahibaya maa sabiri viɛnyɛla maa n-kpari. Bɛ shɛbi n-daa nyɛ; J. Markham ni Kofi Baako .^[59]

Silimiingoli January 19, di ni daa niŋ ka Legislative Council daa ʒini, gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun zali zalisi ata- Sedition Bill, zaligu din yɛn wuhi ti lahibali wuligibu tuma duu ni yɛn doli so' shɛŋa ka naan yi pili tuma, ni zaligu din yɛn che ka Govenor tooi che ka daŋduu kpɛbu niŋ tingbani maa yaɣili kam ka di bi zaya ni o mali saawara. Silimiingoli 21 January, Kwame Nkrumah daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbaai so ka o taali daa nyɛmi ni o pilila fitiina ka lahi che ka tumtumdiba che tuma, din nyɛ binshɛli din bi tam kalinli zuɣu tingbani maa zalisi ni. O sariya daa nyɛmi ni o yɛn niŋla yuma ata sarika ni. Tumtumdiba pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛba bɛ tuma shɛhi ka niriba pam gba daa kuli kɔŋ anfaani shɛli bɛ ni yɛn di di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ che tuma .^[60]

CPP daa wuhiya ni niriba yi niŋ nangbanyini, bɛ ni tooi nya bɛ ni bɔri binshɛli, ka di shɛhira nyɛ Positive Action shɛli bɛ ni daa tooi niŋ maa. Bɛ wuhiya ni kuli mali wara, bɛ ku saɣi deei li dama ni di ka bukaata ni bɛ tuhi gɔmnanti ŋun yaa gari bɛ di ni.^[61]

Ghana's Republic

Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, silimiingoli March yuuni 1960, bɛ daa tɛhiya ni di tu ni tiŋgbani zalisi nam. Ka bɛ daa ʒini laɣingu silimiingoli April ni, ka lahibali daa yina wuhi ni Ghananima bɔri zalikpana, ka salo pam daa saɣi ti ni Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ni niŋ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.^[62]

Silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960, Ghana daa niŋ tiŋgbani shɛli di saɣi ti piibupiibu gɔmnanti. Kpɛma ŋun yuli daa booni Lord Listowel, daa tum o tuma bahigu. Tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalisi ŋɔ din daa gahim n-nyɛ: "Ghana maŋsulinsitali bi tu ni ti lahi kani dahinshɛli ka di nyɛla nagbanyini ko ka bɛ kuli yɛn gbibi, so di gaŋ paɣa bee doo, zuliya, adiini, paati, dihitabili, ni ka Ghana nama dibu na kuli beni. Bɛ daa lahi wuhiya ni yalivuhi mini suhuyurilim na kuli nyɛla din yɛn beni".^[63]

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana State House silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960. Lala dabisili ŋɔ yaha, tiŋgbani zuɣulaan palo maa, President Sekou Toure ŋun daa nyɛ Guinea tiŋgbani zuɣulana la daa doli o mini Gbansabila tinsi kpamba shɛba, ka bɛ wuligi suhudoo gbansabila tinsi ni. Dinbɔŋɔ daa wuhirila CPP gɔmnanti tuɣibu, Pan-African nimmɔhi zaŋ chaŋ suhudoo bɔbu polo.^[64]

Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣili din pahi buyi ka CPP gɔmnanti daa zaŋ na n-nyɛ "Tuma mini Suhupiɛlli", yuuni 1962 bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli na ni di wuhi yumaa ayɔpɔin lɛbiginsim shɛli nyɛ bɛ ni mali. Bɛ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ ʒi bɛrisuŋ na, ka che ka Ghana Gbansabila yaa sheei.^[65]

Silimiingoli March yuuni 1964, bɛ ni daa yɛn mɛ n-tam nia shɛŋa bɛ ni pun mali zuɣu, yuma ayɔpɔin nia la daa nyɛla din tam kalinli zuɣu. Di yɛli zuɣuru n-daa nyɛ:

1. Tiŋgbani maa bɔmma ni nyamma zoobu.

2.Bɛrisuŋ bɔ n-niŋ bɔmma ni nyamma ni, ni tiŋgbani lɛbigibu mini laɣim tum yaɣa.

3.Ka nyɛhi bɔmma ni nyamma dabilim.^[66]

Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣ'bɔbigu daa yɛn beni mi, ka di mali zangama yaɣa din yɛn tumdi tariga. Lala saha ŋɔ, gɔmnanti mini daabiligu yaɣa din laɣindi tumdi yɛn zoomi, di bahi bahindi sochibisi, bɔmma yaɣa din mali yaa. Talahi, pɔi ka lala nia ŋɔ ti yɛn naai, bɔmma ni nyamma ni zani di naba zuɣu ka adalichi be biɛhigu puuni.^[66]

Lala sochibiga ŋɔ daa chanimi ni "CPP's Program of Work and Happiness" din daa ʒi n-kana paati maa laɣingu ni silimiingoli July, yuuni 1962. Liɣiri din kalinli daa nyɛ £1016.0 million sterling ka bɛ daa buɣisi ni di zaŋ tu tuma maa ka Ghana gɔmnanti daa yɛn ti £G475.5 million ka tooi yɔri £G68.0 million yuuni kam; 37.3% daa yɛn kpɛrila pukparilim ni tuma du'zuɣuri ni; 62.7% daa yɛn kpɛrila "Social Services and Infrastructure".^[66]

Din daa tooi niŋ lala saha maa sunsuuni n-nyɛ din dɔya ŋɔ:

• Bɛ daa mali "atomic reactor" din be Kwabenya la.
• Aluminium Smelter din be Tema gba la.
• Glass Manufacturing Corporation din be Aboso la.
• Cement works din be Tema la.
• Government Electronics Industry din be Tema la
• Cocoa Processing Factories (Takoradi mini Tema)
• Ghana Publishing Corporation
• Ghana Textile Corporation
• Rattan Factory din be Asamankese ka daa ti pili tuma silimiingoli January yuuni 1966; tuma du'zuɣuri anu din be Nkawkaw, Enyiresi, Oppon Valley, Asanwinso ni Bobikuma din daa yɛn pili tuma yuuni 1966
• "Coir Fibre Factories" dibaa ayi din yaa daa saɣi 990,000 lb. Coir Fibre mini din gari 1000 lb. dunɔya mini tiŋa sona; Tuma du'zuɣu din be Axim ni baŋsim lɛbu shee din be Rattan, Bamboo, Coir mini dari tuma
• Bamboo tuma du'zuɣuri din daa zali silimiingoli January yuuni 1966 ka be Manso-Amenfi, Assin Foso mini Axim ni di maani bamboo kopu nima
• Malibu din yɛn pili yuuni 1966 tuma du'zuɣuri ŋɔ ni:
• Corned beef factory din be Bolgatanga la.
• Sugar Factory din be Akuse la.
• Television Assembly Plant din be Tema (Ghana gɔmnanti mini Sanyo ni laɣim niŋ shɛli ka di daa pili tuma silimiingoli March, yuuni 1966)
• Volta River Project din be Akosombo tuma pilibu silimiingoli January biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali yuuni 1966
• 52 State Enterprises din pili tuma^[67]

Development of industries in all regions:

• Silos For Food and crop preservation
• Tomato and Mango Factory, Wenchi, Brong-Ahafo Region
• Match Factory, Kade, Eastern Region
• Pwalugu Tomato Factory; Upper Region
• Ghana Glass Factory, Aboso and Tarkwa, Western Region
• Akasanoma Radio Factory, Greater-Accra Region
• Gold Processing Factory, Prestea, Western Region
• Meat Processing Factory, Bolgatanga, Upper Region
• Dairy Farm at Amrahia and Avatime
• Paper Processing Factory, Takoradi, Western Region
• Pomadze Poultry Farm, Central Region
• Ghana Cement Factory, Takoradi, Western Region
• Ghana Household Utilities Manufacture, Sekondi, Western Region
• Tema Steel Company, Greater-Accra Region
• Nsawam Fruit Cannery – Greater-Accra Region

State hotels:

• Continental, Star, Meridian, Ambassador, Greater-Accra Region
• Atlantic Hotel, Western Region
• City Hotel, Ashanti Region
• Catering Rest Houses, Regional Capitals
• Ghana Black Star Line with almost fifteen ships, Takoradi and Tema
• Ghana Distilleries, Greater-Accra Region
• Ghana Shoe Factory Kumasi, Ashanti Region
• Ghana Jute Factory, Kumasi, Ashanti Region
• Tema Food Complex, Greater-Accra Region

Infrastructure:

• Ghana Atomic Energy Commission
• Tema Harbour and Tema Township
• Akosombo Dam (Ghana paid half of the £70 million)
• Accra -Tema Motorway (originally meant to go through Kumasi to Paga)
• Accra International Airport -Refurbishment
• Peduasi Lodge for conferences
• Farmers Council
• Workers Brigade
• National Management and Productivity Institute
• New Army Headquarters in Ho, Sunyani, Bolgatanga, and Takoradi

National institutions:

• Ghana Film Industries Accra
• Ghana Airways Corporation
• Ghana National Trading Corporation
• Cocoa Purchasing Company
• Bank of Ghana
• National Investment Banks
• Ghana Commercial Bank
• Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Bank (later, Agricultural Development Bank)

Steps towards African unification

1. Ghana-Guinea Union, silimiingoli November yuuni 1958 Dinbɔŋɔ daa nyɛla piligu zaŋ ti tiŋgbani laɣinsi kpabu ni so ka o ni bɔri ni o kpe di ni saha shɛli. CPP mini PDG (Parti Democratique de Guinee) daa malila Pan-African nia yini, ka doli biɛhigu ni bɔmman mini nyamma so' yini.^[68]

2. Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, silimiingoli April yuuni 1961 Dinbɔŋɔ gba daa kpala saha shɛli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Modibo Keita zaŋ ti Mali ni daa pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sekou Toure zaŋ ti Guinea mini tiŋgbani zuɣulana Nkrumah ŋun daa be Accra ni daa gbaai ni bɛ kpa Union of African States (UAS) ka soli daa beni ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa tooi pahi bɛ zuɣu. UAS daa lahi saɣi ti ni African Common Market gba kpa.^[68]

3. Ghana-Congo Agreement, silimiingoli August yuuni 1960 Lahibaya din daa yina ashiloni laɣingu din daa ʒini Accra, Nkrumah mini Patrice Lumumba sunsuuni, din saha Prime Minister zaŋ ti Congo. Bɛ daa gbaaya ni bɛ kpa siyaasa laɣingu, zaligu din yɛn mali tarisi. Ka di tiŋ'zuɣu yɛn nyɛ Kinshasa (din saha din daa nyɛ Leopoldville). Gbaabu ŋɔ daa bi tooi niŋ tabata ka di nyɛla Lumumba gɔmnanti ni daa lu ka bɛ daa lahi ku o la.^[69]

CPP gɔmnanti, kuli zaŋ hali ka bɛ ti yi nam ni, daa bo la nangbanyini niŋ bɛ mini tingbana pam sunsuuni, bala, kaya ni taada mini tuma du'zuɣuri.^[70] Kamani Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ni yɛli shɛm: ‘Binshɛli din laɣindi ti bela ti puuni, ka gari din waligiri ti. Ka ti daa na be sulinsi ni la n-kuli nyɛ li, bee ti ni mali tɛhi shɛŋa ka di nyɛ yim la. Di nyɛla binshɛli din kpe puuni. N ni tooi yɛli ni ti zaa nyɛla zaɣ' yini dama ti zaa nyɛla gbansabila’^[71][72]

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU), May 1963

OAU pilibu nyabili nyɛla CPP gɔmanti tɛha din daa nyɛ ni di kpa laɣingu din yɛn laɣim Africa zaa. OAU gbana zuɣu nuu dihibu daa niŋla Addis Ababa silimiingoli May biɛɣu pishi ni anu dali yuuni 1963, tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima mini kpamba ban daa yina maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana pihita ni ayi ni.^[73]

Di mini ban daa dihi bɛ nuhi gbana ni maa zaa daa saɣi ti gbansabila zaa taba laɣimbu maa. Bɔhisi daa beni zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini suhuyurilim polo. Shɛba ni daa zaya ni bɛ kuli mɔm belabela lala, shɛba daa piila daabiligu, kaya ni taada ni tingbana yaɣa pubu, Ghana ni daa su yaɣ' shɛli n-daa nyɛ din zaŋ siyaasa bɔ nangbani yini.^[74] Paati maa zaa daa ʒimi ni Gbansabila zaa yi laɣim taba bɛ aʒia nima ni tooi tum tuma.^[75]

Lala waliginsim nima ŋɔ mini gbaabu ni daa bi zani ti All-African High Command yaa bɔ n-ti OAU wuhiya ni di gbaabu zaa daa kpalim la puuni ka bɛ zaŋ tu tuma. Bahigu ha, OAU Summit Conferences gba daa bi saɣi ni siyaasa tum tuma.^[76]

Bahigu OAU Summit din daa niŋ CPP gɔmnanti ni daa niŋla Accra yuuni 1965. Paati ma daa mɔya ni di kpa OAU Executive Council din kuli yɛn beni amaa ka ban daa saɣi ti li maa bi galisi.^[77]

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah daa buɣisiya ni Gbansabila ni kɔŋ taba laɣimbu ŋɔ nyɛ ‘furili, gabbu ni din yɛn kɔŋ yim zanibu, ka tiŋ'duyanima kuli ni tooi gabi gbansabila alaha’. O daa kpahi zuɣuni ni maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana nyɛla bɛ ni yɛn deei shɛli 'yimyim'. O ni daa diri fiila yuuni 1965: "Suhukpeeni ka ti kɔŋ."^[78]

African Personality

Africa nima ninsalisili nyɛla din kpa talahi CPP tɛha ni. Kwame Nkrumah buɣisi li mi "labi neei tɛhiwaɣila zaŋ ti Africa nima mini binshɛli din laɣindi ba. Ti taarihi din gari, ti kaya ni taada, ti ni mi shɛli mini ti dahinshɛli nianima". CPP daa kahigila dinbɔŋɔ ni:

1. Africa nima laɣim wuri dabitali mini ninsalisili biɛhigu, linjimanima mini pirinsi. Ka nyɛhi "dabilim tɛha". Di daa bi doli yaɣili yaɣili. Saamba daa nyɛla bɛ ni deei shɛba ni suhudoo ni bɛ tum Ghana din deei yi daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi ti CPP nianima.^[79]

2. Bureau of African Affairs din daa be Accra da kpuɣila nia ni bɛ saɣi ti ban zabiri Gbansabila suhuyubu zuɣu.^[80]

3. Institute of African Studies din daa yooi yuuni 1963 m-pahi University of Ghana ni. Di mini shikuru ŋɔ n-daa laɣim nyɛ "School of Performing Arts". Wawariba laɣingu mini tiŋgbani binkumda nyɛla bɛ ni daa yina ni shɛli ni ti zani ti saha ŋɔ mini saha shɛli kaya ni taada.^[81]

4. Tuuli "Africanist Conference" din daa niŋ Accra yuuni 1962 ni bɛ gbaai bɛ ni yɛn doli so' shɛli n-niŋ vihigu din jɛndi Gbansabila, kaya ni taada, tɛha mini ninsalisili aʒia nima. Ka zaŋ lahibali shɛli bɛ ni nya zaŋ niŋ pɔhim zuɣu yaɣili din nyɛ "Encyclopedia Africana". Eminent US baŋdiba Dr W. E. B. DuBois mini Dr W. Alphaeus Hunton daa pun malila nia ni bɛ niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ Ghana pɔi ka lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa naan yi laɣim.^[82]

5. Saawara gbaabu zaŋ chaŋ gbansabila ban daa pun gari saha waɣila, Ghana daa buɣisila CPP gɔmnanti ni di ni nyɛ ‘Pan-Africanism zuɣu’. (Malcolm X ni daa go n-kana Ghana nyaaŋa yuuni 1964)

6. George Padmore Research Library din jɛndi African Affairs din daa yooi Accra yuuni 1961^[83]

African Voice in World Affairs

Gbansabila yee duhibu daa nyɛla yɛl'palli ni tiŋ'duya biɛhigu ni kpebu. Di daa lahi nyɛla CPP ni daa zaŋ shɛli na maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, ka di daa zaŋ lɛbiginsim pam na zaŋ ti Africa ni di niriba yɛligibu. Africa daa bi lahi fahiri ʒiini dunia yɛla ni.^[84]

Non-Aligned Movement

Ghana mini Africa tinsi daa nyɛla ban deei maŋsulinsi saha shɛli bɛ ni daa kpe siyaasa ni "tɔbu mahili" din daa niŋ US mini USSR din daa zooi tiŋ'duya yɛla ni. Di daa nyɛla din mali yaa. Di daa ŋmanila tɔbu n-yɛn ŋme dunia. "Non-Aligned Movement" daa zaŋla tahima din jɛndi "Third Force" gbubbu din yɛn gu ka taɣi tɔbu.^[85] Lala siyaasa tali ŋɔ ni, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana Africa mini Asia daa bi piigi yaɣili. Kpamba ban daa be Non-Aligned Movement shɛba n-daa nyɛ Nkrumah ŋun daa zani ti CPP gɔmnanti, tiŋgbani zuɣulana Jawaharlal Nehru zaŋ ti India, Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Abdul Nasser zaŋ ti Egypt, Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Tito zaŋ ti Yugoslavia ni Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sukarno zaŋ ti Indonesia.^[86]

Relationships with Asia and Latin America

Silimiingoli May yuuni 1965, CPP daa laɣim 4th Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference ʒia. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah yɛltɔɣa zaa daa jɛndila Africa ninsalinima mini aʒia nima zaa ni yɛn be shɛm di yi niŋ ka di laɣim taba tiŋgbani gɔnantinima laɣi?ngu ni.^[87]

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Ben Barka, Morocco nima yaɣ' shɛli ban paati daa ka nam ni nira, ni Fidel Castro n-daa nyɛ ban zani ka Organisation of Solidarity laɣingu kpa n-ti Africa, Asia ni Latin America (OSPAAL) nima din daa yɛn guli maŋsulinsi USSR mini China. Lala saha maa, biɛhigu din daa be Chinanima mini USSR nima sunsuuni daa mali yaa pam.^[88]

Yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu

Silimiingoli June yuuni 1952, gbaŋsabira palli zaŋ ti tiŋgbani maa Colonies Oliver Lyttleton daa chaŋ Gold Coast n-ti saɣi n-ti ni o ʒini ni Nanima mini niriba ka bɛ niŋ taɣibu ni tiŋgbani maa zalikpana buku. Din daa niŋ ka o ʒini ni Nanima ŋɔ, laɣinsi, paati shɛŋa din daa ka nam ni, daabiligu laɣingu, gɔmnanti daa yina n-ti zaŋ lahibali wuhi salo din daa jɛndi tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalikpana buku taɣibu silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1953 ka bɛ daa saɣi n-ti li ka di daa leei maŋsulinsi deebu piligu silimiingoli December yuuni 1956.^[89]

Lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ piligu, CPP gɔmnanti daa piligi la laɣa yɔra niŋ Legislative Assembly silimiingoli July biɛɣ' pia dali yuuni 1953. Ka di nyɛ din daa yina zaawuni yuŋ lahibali churi ni ka daa nyɛ "Motion of Destiny". Gbaŋpiɛlla nima nyɛla ban daa boli ba n-ti yɛliba ni bɛ malimi shili deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. Di daa nyɛla din bɔri ni bɛ piiri ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Assembly ni piibu-piibu n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Cabinet. Bɛ daa yɛli gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ ni bɛ tim ba dihitabili ka wuhibu dabisili shɛli maŋsulinsi ŋɔ ni yɛn deei. Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti bɛ yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa leei na bɔra ni bɛ niŋ piibu-piibu shɛli yaha.^[90]

Di tuuli piibu-piibu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ taarihi puuni silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1954. Ka CPP daa di jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi pisopɔin ni ayi jintɔri kuɣisi kɔbigi ni anahi puuni. GCP (bahigu paati zaŋ n-ti UGCC) daa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ' yini, Northern People's Party (NPP) daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi pia ni ayi. Dr J. B. Danquah mini Mr. William Ofori-Atta zaa nyɛla ban daa kɔŋ bɛ jintɔri kuɣisi ka Dr K. A. Busia nyɛ ŋun daa di o jintɔri kuɣu ni kalinli pia ni yini woligimsim. Yɛltɔɣa shɛli nasara ŋɔ nyɛbu ni daa chani ka ʒiri taɣibu taɣibu nima mini suhudoo kalinsi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni ka lala ŋɔ pala din na min niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.^[91][92]

The violent years: 1954–1956

Silimiingoli March yuuni 1954, pɔi ni silimiingoli June piibu-piibu, gɔmnanti daa mali nia ni o zali kookoo da £3.12 shillings ni di lunzahim Seers mini Ross din yɛn che ka tiŋgbani maa laɣu zuɣu jilima bi booi . Di taarihi puuni, CPP daa bi gbaai tiŋgbani maa alikawuli ni bɛ ni pahi puzuri nima daa di yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu mini silimiingoli August yuuni 1954. Mr. K. A. Gbedemah ŋun daa nyɛ liɣiri deebu polo minista daa piligi Cocoa tuma mini Development funds liɣii yɔbu jinaduu silimiingoli March ni.^[93]

Bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ lahibali ŋɔ wuhi jinaaduu, Gbedemah daa ŋmɛ li nangbankpeeni ni o bɔrimi niŋdi Gold Coast bɔmma ni nyamma ni daa be shɛm kamani Seers mini Ross ni daa yɛli li shɛm. Din daa niŋ ka kookoo daa kuli diri di baŋ dunia dahi puuni yuuni 1954, niriba pam ban daa lihiri kantiŋa daa nya ka lala ŋɔ bi niŋ viɛnyɛla (din daa niŋ ka di dabu liɣiri daa paai £500 per ton yuuni 1954 zaŋ hali ni £200 yuuni 1956), lala ŋɔ zuɣu pukpariba daa bi niŋ suhipiɛlii ni di daa maa ni duri ka siɣiri shɛm maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrimi ni kookoo ŋɔ mali da'yini.^[94]

Din daa niŋ ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ kari doliba ti yaɣi bɛ daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ ni bɛ yɛligi bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa shɛŋa din daa pahi maa. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu daa che ka pukpari shɛba ban daa bɔri ni bɛ kɔhiri bɛ puzuri laɣa kara maa daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zaligu maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ labi lihi lala zaligu ŋɔ zuɣu yaha. Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa ŋɔ shɛŋa daa nyɛla siyaasa niŋdiba mini kpamba shɛba ni daa zaŋ bɛ nuu pa shɛŋa zuɣu ka bɛ daa yina n-ti yɛli jintɔri kuɣisi ni daa di shɛm Legislative Assembly yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu.^[95] B. F. Kusi, ŋun daa kpaɣiri m-bo jintɔriztali ka daa kpe jinaduu pɔi ni maŋsulinsi mini maŋsulinsi nyaaŋa nyɛla niriba pam ni daa mi so. O daa yɛliya ni: "Ashanti nima nyɛla tiŋgbani …salo kalinli bi wuhiri tiŋgbani "?^[96]

Nintiɣibo nyɛla din daa kani Cocoa Purchasing Company maa ni, dama niriba daa yɛliya ni bɛ daa zaŋ la kookoo liɣiri ŋɔ sɔŋ CPP yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka pirigi liɣiri ŋɔ shɛli n-ti CPP ninvuɣ' shɛba ban daa kɔŋ nasara yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka yɛli ba ni bɛ zanimi bɛ gama zuɣu.^[97][98]

Pirimla bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ niŋ ka kookoo daa nyɛ yim zuɣu daa che ka pukpariba pam daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ka lala zuɣu daa che ka shɛba daa yɛli ni gɔmnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi ŋɔ yimi nam ni ka lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ daa che ka paɣiba, dabba n-ti pahi bihibihi pam daa koŋ bɛ nyɛvuya.^[99]

National Liberation Movement (NLM) nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiingoli September yuuni 1954 ka ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ toondana nyɛ chief linguist zaŋ n-ti Ashantehene. Baffour Osei Akoto nyɛla ŋun daa kana n-ti pahi lala laɣingu ŋɔ zuɣu. Asanteman Council mini Asantehene nyɛla ban daa tabi sɔŋ NLM ka bɛ nia pala bɛ piigi gɔmnanti kɔŋko amaa bɛ kpaŋsi Ashanti tooni chandi.^[100]

NLM nyɛla din daa zali CPP wɔfiisi Ashanti ka nyɛ din daa tuhiri kariti gadama Ashanti ka nyɛ ban daa yɛra ni "yeate ye ho".^[101]

Yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu

Tiŋgbani maa binshɛɣu kam nyɛla din daa zali gohiri maŋsulinsi deebu amaa ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban daa na ŋmɛri li nangban kpeeni dama bɛ daa lihiri la Ghana maŋsulinsi gomnanti tali ni yɛn be shɛm. Mr K. A. Gbedemah nyɛ ŋun daa be CPP siyaasa gili niŋ tooni ka daa bi saɣi n-ti NLM's "federal constitution" ka daa ti bɛ daliri ni nyɛ shɛli:, "[w]hat they [NLM] daliri shɛli bɛ ni daa bori ni bɛ yɛli amaa ka daa na ʒin yɛli salo nyɛ ni di to ni bɛ mali ɔfici amaa ka C.P.P.".^[102]

Pirinla NLM's nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni "federalism" n-daa nyɛ so shɛli bɛ ni tooi doli laɣim Ghana's regional mini balla laɣimbu din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya soli ni bɛ zali zalikpana buku palli yuuni 1969. NLM's piligu gadama siyaasa niŋ gili ŋɔ nyɛla din daa ka daliri amaa Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di daliri nyɛla bɛ jɛlinsi zaŋ n -ti CPP mini Nkrumah.^[103][104]

Yuuni 1956 siyaasa gili niŋ puuni, Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di yi niŋ ka CPP koŋ nasara yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu din daa kani na maa ni di nyɛla din yɛn niŋ suhipiɛlli nyɛ loyal opposition zaŋ n-ti NLM gomnanti ka daa yɛli ni toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM, Dr Busia gba gbaami lala alikawli ŋɔ. Bɛ ni daa lihiri biɛhi shɛli ni bɛ ni yɛn be di yi niŋ ka bɛ koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, Dr. Busia nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni NLM nyɛla "din yɛn niŋ kam zaŋ n-ti Legislative Assembly" yihi CPP nam ni ka daa buɣisi li "evil".^[105]

CPP piibu-piibu maʒini nyɛla din daa piligi tuma ka daa mali niya ni di ni nya nasara. Kamani piibu-piibu shɛŋa din gari maa, paati maa lahabaya yi kuli nyɛla zaɣ'ŋmaa ka ŋmari li jia bachi dibaa ayopɔin ni: M-bori maŋsulinsi biɛhigu? bee m-borimi ni n-labi sarika biɛhigu ni ?’ biɛhigu din nyɛ "federalism" zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani kamani Ghana pala din viɛla.^[106]

Silimiin goli June yuuni 1956, CPP daa lahi nya nasara ni jintɔri kuɣisi pisopɔin ni yini, din nyɛ jintɔri kuɣisi pihinahi ni anahi din be Colony n-ti pahi jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ani jintɔri kuɣisi pishi ni yini din be Ashanti puuni. NLM daa bi tooi di jintɔri kuɣu yini gba luɣ'shɛli pahi Ashanti zuɣu. Bɛ suhi ni daa kuli yu Ashanti nationalism zaa maa yoli, CPP daa di la kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ata Ashanti ka di daa wuhiri ni NLM daa nyɛla paati zaŋ n-ti Ashanti amaa ka Ashanti nima zaa nyɛ ban be NLM .^[101]

Yaha, Dr J. B. Danquah nyɛla ŋun daa bi tooi lahi di o jintɔri kuɣu : NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi zaɣisi yɛlimahimaŋa piibu-piibu. Shɛba nyɛla ban daa yina n-ti yɛli ni yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu ŋɔ wuhiya ni tiŋgbani maa nyɛla din bori "federal constitution' dama CPP daa bi nya nasara pam Ashanti bee Tuduu tiŋgbani yaɣa.^[107][108]

Defeating the NLM separatists and threats of partition

Din daa niŋ ka piibu-piibu ŋɔ daa naai nyaaŋa, Nkrumah daa zaŋ lahabali niŋ teebuli ni zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu silimiin goli August dabaa ata dali yuuni 1956 amaa ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM zaŋ n-ti Assembly, Dr K. A. Busia, Mr Joe Appiah mini Mr R. R. Amponsah nyɛla ban daa chaŋ yi ni ayirimo ka lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli 72-0. Kamani Richard Rathbone ni daa zaŋ li sɔŋ shɛm: "Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM paati ni ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa na yoli piigi shɛba nyɛba ban daa bɛ saɣi n-ti dizuɣu ka bɛ daa chaŋ yi Legislative Assembly. NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi niŋdi kam ni bɛ zaɣisi maŋsulinsi ŋɔ deebu . … NLM nyɛla ban daa na kuli zaya ni bɛ ku nyɛ "loyal opposition"…"^[109] Kamani Dr K. A. Busia ni daa gbaai alikawli shɛli siyaasa tali chaŋ gili niŋ saha. Din daa niŋ ka CPP gomnanti daa piligi soya zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu,, Asante Youth Association (AYA) ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa sabi gbaŋ zaŋ n-ti Secretary of State ni bɛ zaa gbaami zaɣa yini silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1956 ka daa yɛli ni "dama C.P.P. Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ban yɛli ni bɛ ku lahi zaŋ saawara zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu yɛltɔɣa maa."^[110]

Pirinla bɛ daa ku koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu maa ni zaa yoli, NLM paati nima nyɛla ban daa na kuli bori federal union ka tim niriba gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ. Lala saha ŋɔ British Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa zaɣisi ni o ku lahi tirisi maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili maa.^[111] Silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pinaayopɔin dali yuuni1956, gbaŋ shɛli CPP nima ni daa sabi zaŋ n-ti British gbaŋsabira ni bɛ zali maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili, Governor ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli Nkrumah ni bɛ gbaai la silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa wuligi lahabali ŋɔ zaŋ n-ti Assembly silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956 ka dari ŋɔ n-daa ku deei ʒi zaa.^[112]

Ban daa bi galisi jinaduu nyɛla ban daa lihi bɛ zaashee ŋɔ ka yɛli ni bɛ bori la zaligu shɛli din wuhiri ni ŋaribu bɛn be luɣ'shɛŋa tiŋgbani maa ni. Gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa suhi CPP ni bɛ che ka gbaari suŋ be bɛ mini ban daa bɛ galisi jinaduu ŋɔ ni, Asanteman mini territorial Councils, CPP nyɛla ban daa zaŋ zalikpana lahabali shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Revised Constitutional Proposals zaŋ n-ti Gold Coast wuhi salo silimiin goli November dabaa anii dali yuuni 1956.^[113]

Bɛ ni daa zaŋ lala zalikpana lahabali ŋɔ wuhi salo nyaaŋa, AYA nyɛla ŋun daa sabi lahabali zaŋ n-ti NLM bin din gbaai sillimiin goli November dabaa awɔi zaŋ hali ni o biɛɣ'pinaanu dali yuuni 1956 ka di daa wuhiri ni "ASHANTI MINI N.T.’S ŊƆ NYƐLA BAN YI GHANA".^[114]

Silimiin goli November biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956, NLM paati ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ mini Northern People's Party nyɛla ban daa zaŋ maligu lahabali zaŋ n-ti gbansabira n-ti tiŋgbani maa wuhiri ni bɛ saɣi n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ.^[115]

Asanteman Council nyɛla ban daa niŋ kam ni United Kingdom nima waligi n-ti Asante mini Northern Territories maŋsulinsi silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti paai London alikaali nima ni bɛ ti ba kundi shɛŋa din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi kpɛ United Nations ka daa mali niya ni bɛ miɛ £500,000 House of Parliament zali Ashanti.^[116]

CPP nyɛla ban daa mi ni NLM nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋdi ŋɔ maa zaa ni maŋsulinsi deebu maa yuugi, bɛ daa lihi yɛltɔɣa zaŋ jandi Gaana zalikpana buku suhibiɛɣuni ka daa yɛli ni jintɔriba nyɛla ban ni tooi taɣi li.^[117]

Independence

Yuŋtisuɣu silimiin goli March dabaa anu bee ayobu dali yuuni 1957, Nkrumah daa yɛli Gaana maŋsulinsi deebu Polo Ground din be Ankara, o daa chɛhimi FREEDOM! FREEDOM! FREEDOM! ka bɛ daa siɣisi British tuuta ka daa wuɣi ʒiɛɣu, baŋkom salima tuuta zaŋ n-ti Gaana zuɣusaa. Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ CPP nima siyaasa gili niŋ lahabali kpeeni.^[118]

Yɛligu din daa yina Nkrumah nolini n-daa nyɛ: "Bahigu tɔbu naai. Ka Gaana, yi suhiyubu tiŋgbani yi leei bilichini nima kuli mali wara." Amaa tɔbiri nyɛla din be tooni pɔi ka Gaana zani di naba ayi zuɣu ka yi nya Pan- African niya nima. Bomma mini nyamma n-ti pahi yɛlivuhi maŋsulinsi deebu nyɛla din na piligira.^[119]

Continued threats to national security

Hali maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, NLM nyɛla ban na kuli mali gadama Kumahi ka shɛhira daa nyɛ din be ni wuhiri niriba ni yiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Salo kalnli din daa gari 5,000 nyɛla ban daa yi Ashanti ka di daliri daa nyɛ NLM nima gadama maa.^[120]

Din daa niŋ ka bɛ maani sheeli zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu, nyaandoliba zaŋ n-ti Togoland Congress nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋ ninmoh bɔhindi sooja tali Alavanyo ka di daa nyɛla NLM nima niriba n-daa bala ni bɛ niŋ maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ gadama. Pirinsi nyɛela ban daa chaŋ n-ti kari ba ka gadama daa niŋ ka niriba ata daa kpi. Jinaduu niriba ayi – S. G. Antor mini Mr. Kojo Ayeke – nyɛla ban nuu daa be di ni ka bɛ daa kpɛhi ba sarika yuma ayobu.^{[121][122][123]}

Di daa na bi paai yuuni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa ka ban da ka nam ni ŋɔ toondana daa yɛli ni bɛ yiɣisim gomnanti maa.Silimiin goli December piligu yuuni 1957, toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM. Dr K. A Busia nyɛla ŋun daa suɣiri deeri liɣiri United States gomnanti sani ni bɛ yihi gomnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi o maŋmaŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ maa.^[124] Lahabali din yina Mr Wilson Flake wuhiya ni US Ambassador zaŋ n-ti Ghana (lihimi Foreign Relations, 1955–1957, Volume XVIII, pages 387–388), toondan zaŋ n-ti zuɣubiili nima mini jintɔra nyɛla ŋun daa suhi m-bo $25,0000 ni bɛ da loora nima ka nya paati tun tumdiba ni bɛ zaŋ n-ti CPP nyaandoliba ban ka liɣiri pam. Lala biɛhigu ŋɔ pala di ni tooi deegi tiŋgbani kam puuni.^[105]

CPP – Independent Ghana's first government

Maŋsulinsi ni kana, CPP gɔmnanti daa pa nyɛla siyaasa yaa din yɛn sɔŋba ka bɛ mali Ghana bomma ni nyamma ni bɛrisuŋ zali dede ka di pa niŋ ʒaamani dini, tootibo tiŋgbani. Paati maa daa kpuɣila bomma ni nyamma soya din yɛn che ka bɛ tabi sɔŋ tiŋ'duya. Shikuru, alaafee mini salo yɛl'bɔra din pahi, ka di nyɛla bɛ daa pili la "CPP's First Development Plan (1951-6)", amaa ka na bi paai luɣ'shɛli CPP tɛha ni daa kpa. Di pam na nyɛla din yɛn niŋ.^[125]

Pan-Africanism

CPP's Pan-African yɛltɔɣa nyɛla din daa yina Nkrumah fiila puuni o yuŋtisuɣu maŋsulinsi lahabali bahigu.

‘Maŋsulinsi deebu zaŋ n-ti Gaana nyɛla din ka gbinni naɣila di mali la saawara ni African continent’^[126]

Ni maŋsulinsi, paati maa nyɛla din daa niŋdi kam ni di nya Pan-Africanism. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa chani ni Gbaŋsabila maŋsulinsi zabiriba ka daa nyɛ din kpaŋsi nangban yini tali Gbaŋsabila sunsuun.^[127]

Yuuni 1957, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana dibaa anii koŋko n-daa be African states. Lala tiŋgbana maa n-daa nyɛ Ghana, Ethiopia, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Liberia n-ti pahi Sudan. Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ pirigi li nyɛla din daa na mora ni di deei di maŋsulinsi. Pan-African laɣingu bahigu nyɛla din daa niŋ Manchester, England yuuni 1945.^[128]

CPP gomnanti nyɛla ban daa mali niya ni bɛ labi neei Pan-African Movement Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbani. Bɛ daa piligi di tuma.^[129]

1. Silimiin goli April yuuni 1958 laɣingu zaŋ n-ti African Independent States nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Lala tiŋgbana dibaa anii ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa gbaai viɛligi bomma ni nyamma, kpaŋnsi fiila dibu, taɣi taba kaya ni taada mini shikuru baŋsim lahabaya, sɔŋ tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi maa maŋsulinsi deebu n-ti pahi bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka sokam niŋdi piibu-piibu.^[130]

2. Silimiin goli December yuuni 1958, gban-sabila nangbanyini laɣingu nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni nyɛ Africa's freedom fighters, tiŋgbani kam paati nima, trade unions n-ti pahi bipola laɣinsi din be Africa. Din bɔŋɔ n-daa nyɛ tuuli freedom fighters ban yinaEuropean colonies mini white-minority kana laɣingu ni. Taarihi nyɛla din daa zali laɣingu ŋɔ ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ yɛli tiŋgbani kam ban na bi deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ni bɛ ni tooi doli soli kam din pa gadama soli deei bɛ maŋsulinsi.^[131]

Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni shɛba nyɛ Patrice Lumumba, Kenneth Kaunda, Kanyama Chiume, Tom Mboya, Oginga Odinga, Joshua Nkomo ni ban kam daa pahi nyɛ siysaasa toodan nima. Sokama daa labi o tiŋgbani bahindila bɛ ni daa gbaai gbaari yini nyaaŋa. Di daa niŋ ba nyaɣisim pam ka dihi CPP gomnanti tabili ni Pan-African mɔbu.^[132]

1.Laɣinsi shɛŋa din daa nya sɔŋsim mini baŋsibu Ghana CPP gomnanti tali saha nyɛ:

• ANC (African National Congress)
• PAC (Pan Africanist Congress)
• ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union)
• ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union)
• MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation

of Angola)

• SWAPO (South West African People's Organisation
• FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique)^[133]
  

The CPP and the United Nations Organisation (UNO)

African kukoya yaɣa din du bɔba, UN, nyɛla din pili CPP gɔmnanti saha.^[134]

Ghana gɔmnanti daa ʒila suhudoo zaŋbu na nyaaŋa UN din daa be Congo bini din gbaai yuuni 1960 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1964. Ghana linjimanima daa pahila UN lala tuma ŋɔ ni Lumumba yuuni 1960 kuŋ ŋme m-bɔ linjimanima sɔŋsim, Moise Tshombe daa moliya ni Katanga ni beni. Amaa bɛ ni daa sɔŋ UN, Ghana linimanima daa nyɛ ka bɛ bela UN linjimanima ni ka di zuɣu daa che ka bɛ tuhi nyaŋ Lumumba, kpema ŋun daa bɔri UN nima sɔŋsim. Din bɔŋɔ daa zaŋla dihitabili niŋ CPP niya din nyɛ ni Africa yɛlimuɣisira malibu tumi ni di baŋ Africa yɛlimuɣisira.^[135]

Yuuni 1963, Ghana kpamba ban daa be UN daa gbaai shaawaara ni Africa Group zaŋ chaŋ Africa linjimanima zaa zaŋ tahi Congo. All-African High Com¬mand kpabu din yɛn tahi suhudoo na Africa ka di lahi pa bɛ yɛn zaŋla bɛ yaa zaa dalim sambani polo nima kamani UN bee NATO, di ni n daa nyɛ paati maa niya kpeŋ.^[136]

The CPP and the Commonwealth

Ghana daa kuli nyɛla din be Commonwealth kuli zaŋ hali ka CPP gɔmnanti tali daa ti naai, ka di kpaŋmaŋa daa zooi Commonwealth Conferences di daa yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yɛn gbaai shaawara ti Gbansabila tinsi. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din neei doni ti muɣisigu din daa be Rhodesia di ni daa niŋ ka di neei yuuni 1964 ni gɔmnanti gbaarila shaawara zaŋ chaŋ unilateral declaration of independence (UDI).^[137]

Yuuni 1965 Commonwealth Conference din daa niŋ London ni, Africa mini Asian daa gbaai shaawara zdin nyɛ yim ni bɛ zaɣisi UDI ŋɔ. Din bɔŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa pirigili daa tamla Nkrumah zuɣu. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni gbaabu daa gbaaya ni ninvuɣ'yino kam tu ni o vooti vootibu yim Rhodesia tiŋgbani ni, ka di doli salo pam ni saɣiti shɛli.^[138]

Yuuni 1965 UDI zaligu ni daa zani, CPP gɔmnanti daa yina ni nangban'yini tɛha ni Africa laɣim ŋme n-yiɣisi Ian Smith ʒaamani, ka soŋ Africa tiŋgbani kam lirigu ni liri. Din lahi pahi, Ghana daa lahi yina ti yɛli bɛ ni mali niya shɛli zaŋ chaŋ Commonwealth yibu ni.^[139]

Ghana jilima daa lahi nyɛla din yi polo Nkrumah kpaŋmaŋa ni, South Africa gaŋbu zaligu daa nyɛla din mirisili yihi Commonwealth ni. Ghana daa naan ku lahi tooi be gaŋbu tiŋgbana din pɔri laɣingu ni South Africa. Ka di daa ʒiya ni British gɔmnanti piigi Ghana mini South Africa sunsuuni. Britain daa piigi Ghana. Di daa wuhila CPP gɔmnanti ni banzani shɛm. Britain daa mi ni Ghana yi zo Commonwealth ni, Africa tiŋgbana pam ni doli Ghana yi.^[140]

Attempts to destabilize the CPP Government

Yuuni 1961 bahigu, chiribihi nyaaŋa ban daa ka nam ni ni ziligi palli zuɣu Taawwaye, Accra daa di shɛhira ni bompi shɛŋa Lome nima ni daa laɣisi. Lala bompi nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla jilimalana Queen Elizabeth II puhibu nyaaŋa yuuni 1962, ka di daa wuhiri ni Ghana daa ka suhu ʒii ni lala puhigu ŋɔ nyaaŋa.^[141] Kulungugu bomb din yuli pa du ŋɔ daa kamina Anashaara goli August yuuni 1962, ka daa ku bipuɣinga ŋun daa ʒiri fulaawaasi ni no ti ti Nkrumah, din ni ka ban ka nam ni daa bahi bompi. Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ bahibu nyaaŋa, lirigu balibu daa liri Accra, din pam daa tamla bipola ban daa miri "Princess Marie Louise Children's" ashibiti la.^[142] Ban daa ka namni jintɔra R. B. Ochere mini UP ye'duhira Yaw Manu daa saɣiya ni bɛ nuu be Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ ni, kamani Dennis Austin daa yɛliya "Ghana siyaasa ni yuuni 1946 – 1960" din daa yina salo ni yuuni 1964: "Ni [Kulungugu bompi shɛŋa dabam] nari nyɛla din be Lome mini luɣ'shɛŋa ka nyɛ ban daa ka namni jintɔri kuro –bɛ ni mi so Obetsebi Lamptey – nyɛla din daa yi polo".^[143]

Anashaara goli January goli yuuni 1964, Nkrumah kubu nari shɛli Constable Ametewee ŋun daa mali shili ka daa be tuma ni Flagstaff House nyɛla din daa di Superintendent Salifu Dargati. Ban ka namni lala bompi nima ŋɔ bahibu ŋɔ, Ghananima kpibu daa yiɣisila kalinli pihita, dobba, paɣaba ni bihi, daa nyɛla dansi kɔbigu polo din dalimba biɛhigu ni.^[144]

Lala bompi nima ŋɔ zaa bahibu daa nyɛla din kuli bɔri ni di wurim CPP gɔmnanti ka lahi tahi CPP gɔmnanti ŋme n-yiɣisi Anashaara goli February yuuni 1966.^[145]

24 February 1966

O ni daa nyɛ British Commonwealth kpɛma ka daa kpuɣi napɔŋ ni o bɔ maligu n-ti Vietnam yɛlimuɣisira, CPP gɔmnanti nyɛla soja gɔmnanti ni daa ŋme n-yiɣisi shɛli ka Ghana Pirinsi mɔ tum yuuni 1964, tumdi ni Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) zaŋ ti United States ni bɛ zaŋ gɔmnanti taɣibu na.^[146]

Hawa dibaa ashɛm zuɣuni, ban daa guli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Flagstaff House daa mɔya, amaa ka yaa daa nyaŋ ba. Bɛ daa bɛ mi ban niŋ lala ŋme m-paai gɔmnanti ŋɔ. ^[147]

Ban daa niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa naai la noli ni Dr. K. A. Busia, ŋun daa be ban daa niŋ lala liribu ŋɔ komitii ni, ka Mr. Victor Owusu, ŋun daa niŋ lala linjima nima ŋɔ kpema. "Preventive Detention Act" daa nyɛla Preventive Custody Degree ni daa labi neei shɛli ni yaɣa buyi: (1) bɛ ni taɣi shɛba sɔŋ ka suhibu ni (2)binshɛɣu daa kani wuhiri din che ka bi gbahiba.^[148]

Laɣinsi mini Pirinsi daa gbahi CPP niriba zaŋba chaŋ ti yo duu. Ka bɛ daa gbahi paati maa kpamba ban daa be tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa. Ban daa pahi n-daa nyɛ "cabinet ministers", jintɔriba, CPP tumtumdiba ni ban kuri ariziki niŋdi din ni, bɛ mini ban laɣindi tumdi kamani daabihi.^[149]

Ka daa gbaai Nkrumah yi tiŋgbani maa ni chaŋ Vietnam ni suhudoo lahabali, ka yɛltɔɣa kpana din daa be Accra doni tiŋa, ka gbahi CPP kpamba, faabu din daa yɛn niŋ yom daa bi kpe din ni. Linjimanima ban niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa pii kpema ʒili, ka daa yɛli ni CPP daa yi namni ka lahi ka gbana ni. CPP niriba daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa mɔŋ shɛba ni bɛ di lahi tum siyaasa tuma kuli zaŋ hali ni yuun pia ni ata yuuni 1979.^[150]

CPP Overseas

Laɣinsi ʒinibu puuni, buɣisibu, ʒihi din tiri saɣisigu, ni bɛ lahabali ŋmahi puuni, Parti maa niraba ban be London kuli nyɛla ban gbubi CPP ni adalichi, ka bɛ saɣiti soja gɔmnanti ni daa bɔri ni di kpihim.

CPP. kpamba daa yihila lahabali dabisi shɛli ŋme fa gɔmnanti tali ni daa niŋ (Anashaara goli February biɛɣu pishi dali yuuni 1966), ka gbariri linjimanima niŋsim ŋɔ ka bɔri tiŋgbani zalisi zaŋ kpa di polo.

External Nkrumah groupings

Yuuni 1966 zaŋ kana, Nkrumaists ban be Britain, Europe, Africa yaɣa zaa pkala laɣingu zaŋ ti Nkrumah. Ka di zaa mali nyɔɣu ŋmebu ni di nyɛla kukoli zaŋ ti "Nkrumaism". Amaa bɛ zaa malila gbunni konkɔba n-ti lala bachi ŋɔ, Di ni nyɛ shɛm, ni so'doli shɛŋ di ni yɛn doli. Bɛ yɛrimi ti "Nkrumaism" amaa ka CPP. Nkrumaist nima ŋɔ nangbani konkɔba nyɛla haŋkali neei ti kalinsi. Gabbu zaŋ chaŋ Nkrumaist paatinima din be Ghana yuun bɔŋ gba daa nyɛla din ʒi nangbani yini kalinsi na.^[151]

The Death of Kwame Nkrumah

‘Gbansabila ninsali kuɣinli’, bachi shɛŋa Sekou Toure ni daa yɛli ni bɛ sabi pa Nkrumah kum adaka zuɣu, ŋun daa kpi 8:45 am Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihi ata ka dali yuuni 1972, tiŋa yuli booni Bucharest, Romania. O ni daa bi niŋ o nyaɣisim ka di yuui amaa ka o daa zaɣis ni o yi Guinea chaŋ bo alaafee Anashaara goli August yuuni 1971.

Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihita dali, dabaa ata din daa gari pɔi ka o naan yi kpi, Kwame Nkrumah daa labi Africa. Guinea daa malila shili ni bɛ zali ningbuna maa, n-zaŋli niŋ kum adaka din gahim ni ka zaŋli niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Conakry.

Di dabaa ayi, Anashaarab goli May biɛɣu pia ni ata dali mini biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali yuuni 1972, kuli maa shili malibu laɣingu daa niŋ Conakry, ka ban daa chaŋ li nyɛ "liberation movements", gɔmnantinima, paati kpamba ni ban daa yi gbansabila tinsi na ni luɣ'shɛŋa.^[55]

Anashaara goli July dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 1972, bakoi ddibaa ashɛm sunsuuni Guinea gɔmnanti mini Ghana soja gɔmnanti ni daa gbaai shaawara naai, bɛ daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah kum adaka niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Accra. Bɛ daa duhirila tuuta nima zuɣusaa kum adaka ŋɔ ni daa be State House ka yɛla teebu laɣingu daa laɣim. Ka Anashaara goli July dabaa awɔi dali ka bɛ daa zaŋli chaŋ Nkroful luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋli niŋ gballi ni, luɣ'shɛli din daa miri bɛ nio daa dɔɣi o shɛli.^[152]

"Gbansabili kuɣinli" ŋun daa kpa Convention People's Party vuhim bahigu sheei, nyɛ kuɣili binkura biɛhigu sheei din viɛli ka be Memorial Park ka be Polo Ground din be Accra, luɣ'shɛli Kwame Nkrumah ni daa mɔli Ghana maŋsulinsi Anashaara goli March dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1957. O labi sɔɣi daa niŋla Anashaara goli July dahin yini dali yuuni 1992, Republic of Ghana yuma ata chuɣu labi puhi ni.^[153]

1979–1981: Back in Government

Di mini General Akuffo soja gɔmnanti daa ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu yuuni 1970s naabu ni, Bɛ daa na bi ti CPP ka di yuli mini di dalinli ku tooi zaŋ ku bukaata. CPP daa labi kpa People's National Party (P.N.P.) ka Alhaji Imoru Egala daa be di tooni, ŋun daa niŋ paati maa ba. Amaa o daa na ka soli ni kpaɣiri yuuni 1979 ka di nyɛla National Liberation Council din daa ŋme m-paai CPP yuuni 1966.^[154]

O zaashee maa, Dr. Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa piigi ni o zani n kpaɣiri bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, ka Egala daa mɔ ni o nyahi o yuli. P.N.P. daa di yuuni 1979 piibu piibu maa ka Dr. Hilla Limann niŋ Ghana tiŋgbani zuɣulana. Amaa, Anashaara goli December piɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 1981, jilimalana Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings daa ŋme m-paagi o, ka daa niŋ tuuli nira ŋun daa gbubi tiŋgbani maa ni soja gɔmnanti Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) saha ni tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun daa zani n-ti National Democratic Party (N.D.C.) paati shɛli o ni daa kpa o gɔmnanti ŋɔ saha.^[155]

The Fourth Republic

Bɛ ni daa lahi ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu piibu yuuni 1992, CPP daa bɛ tooi nya bɛ ni yɛn piigi so ka o gari bɛ tooni ka bɛ doli o. Imoru Egala daa kpimi, ka, although Dr. Hilla Limann daa na be o nyɛvuli ni, bɛ daa bɛ zaŋ toondaan tali zaashee ti o paati maa ni.^[156]

Laɣinsi pam daa yina, n-ti tabili People's National Convention (PNC), D. Hilla Limann daa nyɛ di toondana, National Convention Party (NCP), ka Nkensen Arkaah nyɛ di toondana, ŋun daa ti niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa zaŋ ti jilimalana Rawlings, People's Heritage Party ni paati shɛŋa din pahi ka kpamba kamani Minister for Education kuro Mr Kwaku Boateng daa gbubi. Lala paatinima ŋɔ zaa daa yina ti bɔ yuuni 1992 piibu piibu ka daa lu yiriŋ.^[157]

Bɛ daa lahi labi mali shili pɔi ni yuuni 1996 piibu piibu, amaa gbaa yihi PNC, D. Edward Mahama ni pa nyɛ shɛli toondana, Nkrumaist paati nima maa pam daa kpela ‘Grand Alliance’ ka taba sɔŋ New Patriotic Party nira ŋun daa yina ti bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, John Agyekum Kufour.^[158]

Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali yuuni 2020, Ivor Greenstreet ka bɛ daa piigi toondana ni o zani ti yuuni 2020 piibu piibu. O daa nyɛla vooti kalinli kɔbishii ni pia ni ata ka ban kpalim ka daa kpaɣintiri o mi gba piri din kpalim ti taba. Bright Akwetey daa nyɛla vooti kalinli pihita ata kani ka Divine Ayivor deei vooti pia ni anahi. Ivor Kobina Greenstreet n daa zani ti paati maa yuuni 2016 piibu piibu ni ka di daa niŋ o buyi zani ti paati ŋɔ ni.^[159]

Campaign to lift the ban on the CPP

Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kari CPP dabisa tum silimiin goli February yuuni 1966 ŋmɛ deei CPP gomnanti nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi so nam ni ka daa zaɣisi o siyaasa tali niŋsim kam. Yuuni gbaliŋ ka sooja gmnanti daa be nam ni ka daa zaya ni shee bɛ yihi lala siyaasa tali niŋsim nima ŋɔ. Di nyaaŋa din daa niŋ ka bɛ ti siyaasa niŋsim soya bɛ daa yihi CPP siyaasa tali niŋsim shɛŋa. Lala yɛli ŋɔ nyɛla Ghana judiciary ni daa suhi shɛli zuɣu ni bɛ di yihi li amaa ka daa leei bɛ nya nasara.^{[160][161][162]}

The Convention Party (CP)

Yuuni 1998, jintɔri tali mini gomnanti tali piibu-piibu nyɛla din daa niŋ silimiin goli December yuuni 2000, di daa kuli nyɛla alaha ni niri piligi paati ka saha dibu ka din ni. Di yi niŋ ka "C.P.P." bi pahi din ŋuna din miri li ka bɛ yɛn piigi.^[163]

Convention Paati ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi neei shɛli silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pin'yini dali yuuni 1998 din daa niŋ ka paati maa deei di bahigu shɛhira gbaŋ piibu-piibu tuma duu nima sani. Yɛligu din yina Nkrumaist sani wuhiya ni: "The C.P. nyɛ C.P.P.". Paati shɛŋa din daa pahi nyɛ PHP, NIP, PPDD, NCP n-ti pahi PNC. Paati maa nyɛla din daa labi deei no'lɔɣu shɛhiri n-ti pahi di taachi: FORWARD EVER, BACKWARD NEVER. CPP veteran, Comrade Koko Botsio nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so Interim Chairman zaŋ n-ti paati ŋɔ.^[164][165]

CPP nyɛla bɛ ni yihi paati shɛli karibu puuni pɔi ni yuuni 2000 piibu-piibu, tum lala saha ŋɔ CPP nyɛla din daa kpaɣiri yuuni 2000 mini yuuni 2004 piibu-piibu.

Dabisa din mali yaa paati maa taarihi puuni

Tiŋgbani kam taarihi puuni, di mali la dabisi shɛŋa din wuhiri lala dabisa talahi tali ni nyɛ shɛli. Dabisi kpɛma Ghana taarihi puuni nyɛla din jandi CPP.

12 JUNE 1949 Birth of the CPP

6 March 1957 Independence

1 July 1960 Republic Day

24 February 1966 Re-Dedication Day

12 June 1999 50th birthday of the CPP

Party Calendar

24 February Re-Dedication Day

6 March Independence Day

27 April Founder's death

12 June Party's anniversary

1 July Republic Day

21 September Founder's birthday

Years of Publication

1945 – Towards Colonial Freedom

1957 – Autobiography To my Mother’

1961 – I Speak of Freedom ‘Dedicated to Patrice Lumumba, late Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, and to all those who are engaged in the struggle for the political unification of Africa’.

1963 – Africa Must Unite ‘Dedicated to George Padmore (1900-1959), and to the African that must be ‘.

1964 – Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonisation

1965 – Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (This book is dedicated to the Freedom Fighters of Africa living and dead).

1966 – Challenge of the Congo: A Case Study of Foreign pressures in an Independence State ‘A Ahmed Sekou Toure Mon Frere de Combat Au Bureau Politique national du Parti Democratique de Guinee, et au Vaillant Peuples de Guinee, Aux Peuples Africains et aux Courageux Militants pour la Cause Secree du progress African dans la Liberte et La Liberte et l’Unite du Continent’.

1966 – Axioms: Freedom Fighters Edition

1967 – Voice from Conakry

1968 -Dark Days in Ghana "To Major General Barwah, Lieutenant S. Arthur and Lieutenant M. Yeboah and all Ghanaians killed and injured resisting the traitors of the 24th February 1966".

1968 – Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: A Guide to the Armed Phase of the African Revolution ‘To the African guerrilla’.

1968 – Ghana: The Way Out (Pamphlet); The Spectre of Black Power (Pamphlet); The Struggle Continues (Pamphlet)

1969 – Two Myths (Pamphlet); The Big Lie (Pamphlet)

1970 – Revised edition of Consciencism^[166]

Ghana Piibu-piibu din daa niŋ silimiin goli December dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 2004, paati maa daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ata jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbishii ni pihita puuni. Di ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni George Aggudey daa nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.0% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni.

Yuuni 2008 gomnanti tali mini jintɔri tali piibu-piibu ni, paati maa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ'yini zaŋ n-ti Kwame Nkrumah's bia ŋun nyɛ paɣa Samia Nkrumah, Jomoro piibu-piibu yaɣili. Ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali, Paa Kwesi Nduom daa nya la kalinli shɛba o ni daa tɛhiri ni o ni nya gari ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.4% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni.^[167]

Silimiin goli June yuuni 2018 paati maa nyɛla din daa kpɛ Socialist International.^[168]

Silimiin goli December yuuni 2023 National Executive Committee daa niŋ laɣingu ni paati komitii nima din be tiŋgbani maa ni bɔba ni yaɣa ka di daa lihiri daa nyɛla bɛ borimi ni bɛ yihi paati toondan nima pirinla bɛ mali la dihitabili ni diri la liɣiri yiriŋyiriŋ, ka yaa din ni tooi gbubi paati maa n-ti pahi din daa niŋ ka bɛ kuhi paati maa lahabali zaŋ n-ti Alan John Kyerematen's Movement for Change pɔi ni yuuni 2024 piibu-piibu. NEC n- daa nyɛ laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni kpa ni bɛ lihiri paati maa hali ka bɛ ti piigi toondan palla zaŋ n-ti paati maa.^[169] General Secretary, National Treasurer, National Organizer, National Organizer for Women n-ti pahi National Organizer zaŋ n-ti bipola nyɛla ban daa che tuma ka paati maa ʒiba Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong-Kumankumah daa bi saɣi n-ti lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa zaɣisi ni o ku che tuma.^[170] yɛltɔɣa din daa be paati ŋɔ ni nyɛla din daa wuligi ka Elder Council mini National Executive Committee daa saɣiti n-ti Chair Nana Frimpomaa ni zaɣisi ni ku che tuma maa dama di nyɛla din birigi paati maa zalikpana,^[171] ka paati kpamba ban be Ashanti mini Northern Region daa saɣi n-ti NEC interim toondan tali ka daa yina n-ti yɛli ni bɛ ni darigi ninvuɣ so ŋun be paati ŋɔ ka be bɛ yaɣa ŋɔ tibili di yi niŋ ka so tumdi ni lala toondan kura ŋɔ.^[172][173] Paati ŋɔ toondan tali nangban kpeeni maa zaa yoli, paati nyɛla din mali dihitabili ni di pala din yɛn dam paati piibu-piibu shɛli din kanna ŋɔ ni.^[174]

Yuuni 1951 Piibu piibu

CCP zuɣulannima ŋɔ gbaai kpari ŋɔ daa chɛ ka toontali di puuni daa lu ka di saha ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi (Govenor) din saha maa daa nyɛ soli n yɛli ni o ni ŋari siyaasa toondali boɣishɛŋa din gbi maa ka zinchili kani. O daa zaŋ o yaa jɛndi la ban daa mali tɛha ni bɛ kpa tiŋgbani zalisi kundi poi kamani dini daa nyɛ shɛm Coussey mini Nanima kpɛma ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi repooti ni shɛm ka o niya daa nyɛla o chilim li hali ka paati shɛli din mali yaa ni yɛɛ ka ni tooi tuhi gbarigi CPP paati maa ti yi polo.^[175]

Lala saha maa puuni, bihi bapiri K.A Gbedemah bɛ ni daa yihi so sarika ni ka di nyɛla bɛ daa kpɛhi o mi October goli ni yuuni 1949, daa nyɛla ŋun kuli che ka paati maa tuma kuli chana ka daa kuli be saawara ni ni Nkrumah ŋun daa be James Fort jariyaari ni ka di nyɛla binnyɛhiri gbana zuɣu ka be soɣiri sabiri lahabaya n yiri chani paati maa duzuɣu ni.^[176] Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun nyari sɔŋsim o yilikperilana ŋun daa nyɛ sarika gula ka tooi soɣiri ʒiri lahabaya chani paati maa tuma duzuɣu ni ka CPP paati tuma kuli tuɣi chana. CPP paati tuntumsa piibupiibu lahabali (manifesto) daa nyɛla bɛ ni sabi shɛli pa binnyɛhiri gbaŋ zuɣu ka soɣi zaŋli tahi n ti ti paati maa tuma duzuɣu. CPP paati piibupiibu lahabali kundinima (manifestos) daa kuli nyɛla yɛltɔɣa ŋmahi ka lee nɛ nini ka mali nintiɣibɔ zanchaŋ piibupiibu niŋdiba sani ka dama CPP paati ni tum tuma di yi niŋ ka bɛ di nasara. Bɛ niya daa kuli lumi n zahim niribi maa ni bori shɛli. Kamani yuuni 1951 piibupiibu maa ni daa nyɛ shɛm, CPP paati daa kuli ŋmɛmi gbaai tingbani maa zaa ni bori shɛm ni achiika.^[107][177]

Yuuni 1950 Municipal piibupiibu din daa niŋ tiŋ kara ni kamani Ankara yaɣili (April goli ni), Cape Coast yaɣili (June goli ni) n-ti pahi Kumahi yaɣili (November goli ni) CPP daa nyɛla din koli vaai di zaa n yaɣi niriba ni daa tɛhiri li shɛm. Kumahi yaɣili, CPP daa dila di kuɣisi maa zaa ka paati shɛli din ka namni daa bori ni yɛli ni CPP zaŋla varisigu n-kpe di ni amaa ka lahabali sabiribi niriba ayi ban daa nyɛ gbanpiɛla ka lihi piibupiibu maa niŋbu daa yɛli ni pa yelimaŋli n-nyɛli.^[178] Gomnanti fukumsilana daa zaŋ lahabali n-ti Colonial ofiisi ni November goli biɛri ayi ka daa sabi:

"I am informed that the reason for the sweeping success of CPP in obtaining all contested seats was due to real organizing capacity and that the debacle of the opposition was due to apathy and not to intimidation"^[179]

Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana (colonial government) daa pa dihiri mi n tabindi ka dama ŋun nya la CPP nasara ŋɔ ka di nyɛla ninneesim pam ka bɛ daa wuhi din nye piibupiibu dini amaa pa ni kinkansi.

Di ni daa niŋ ka shili bi zaŋ chaŋ zaligu-zaaniba piibupiibu la, CPP daa niŋ niŋsim shɛli Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana Arden Clarke ni daa ti boli shɛli "decisive stroke" n daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah, ŋun daa na be James Fort jariyaari ni la zali ni o bo Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu la ti ni pa mi shɛli Odododiodoo yaɣili la. Kun pun luhiri ni pori o ba la zuɣu CPP daa lahi di nasara din ka zaŋ buɣisi February goli ni 1951 Gold Coast legislative election. Yuuni 1951 piibupiibu taachi daa kuli jahi mi n-lee bachi dibaa ata: Maŋ-Sulinsi Pumpɔŋɔ.^[180]

Paati maa daa di fondi maa ni kuɣisi maa zaa ʒii bu pia zuɣu n gari ban daa kpaɣiri Nkrumah maa zaa yi daa laɣim taba. Nkrumah daa nyɛla kalinli tuhipishi ni ayi ni kobisiyopɔin ni pihinii (22,780) kalinli tuhi pishi ni ata ni kobigi ni pishi ni ayi (23,122) puuni Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu maa piibupiibu maa ni.^[91] Tiŋkpansi kuɣusi din daa yiɣisi pihita ni ata maa mi puuni CPP daa di la kuɣusi pihita ayi ka ka UGCC mi nya kuɣusi ata ko. Piibupiibu yaɣishɛli din daa nye niribi a yi gbubbu, Akim Abuakwa yaɣili Dr. J. B. Danquah mini William Ofori Atta daa moniya n nya kuɣusi din galisi din nyɛ pia ka ŋuni mi nya anahi bɛ tiŋ doɣira puuni kuɣusi. Dr K. A. Busia ŋun daa luya.^[181]

Saha biɛla piibupiibu maa nyaaŋa, CPP daa ŋma gbaŋ nti gomnanti fukumsilana n bo soli ni bɛ gbaai saawara ka bɛ yihi Kwame Nkrumah jariyaari ni na. O daa bɛ bori ni di ti ŋmanila bɛ mirisi o mi ka o yihi o ka daa naɣisi Kwame Nkrumah yihibu maa hali ka bi ti naai Territorial Council piibupiibu di bakoi maa bahigu nyaaŋa atanidali kurugu yini ka o daa yihi o ka di ŋmanila o zo o la namboɣu.^[182]

1979–1981: Back in Government

Zaa yoli di ni daa niŋ ka General Akuffo  sooje Gomdanti gun  daa be nam ni yuma 1970s daa pa ti chihi mi shiɛli din daa piri paati nim ka bɛ ka bɛ yubu la, CPP paati ŋɔ din daa na be la bandini  lala saha hali ka paati maa yuli ni di tuuta ti pahi di binshiɛɣu kam daa ku tooi lan yina sambanni yaha. CPP paati ŋɔ nim daa zala bɛ maŋ ti pahi People's National Party (P.N.P.) zuɣu sahashiɛli  Alhaji Imoru Egala ni daa nyɛ (P.N.P.) paati ŋɔ toon dana ni di daantaliga. O daa kuli ka suhidoo chaŋ yuuni 1979 piibu piibu shiɛli din daa kan na , di ni daa ti  niŋ ka o lihi tu National Liberation Council (N.L.C) din daa di n yihi CPP nam ni yuuni 1966 la.^{[(50)(51)(53) 1]}

A yi lihi PNP polo maa, Dr . Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa pii ni o gari zani tooni n zaŋ NPN paati maa n di nasara ka Egala ŋun daa kuli mondimi ni o mali yuli bee n yihi o buŋnaba  naba chini. P.N.P. paati ŋɔ daa nyɛ nasara yuuni  1979 piibu piibu maa ni, lala zuɣu, Dr. Hilla Limann leegi o tuuli Tingban zuɣu lana Ghana tingban ni. Tɔ naawuni ni daa bi yu Dr. Hilla Liman sham n nyɛ, Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings, n daa ŋme m paagi o silimgoli December 31st , 1981 yuuni.

Rawlings n daa nyɛ tuuli sooje ŋun daa be Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) laɣingu puuni ni tuuli Gomdanti (fourth republic ) puuni ŋun daa nyɛ ( National Democratic Party ) (N.D.C.) paati nyabili bee dantaliga saha shiɛli o n daa na be Sooje Gomdanti puuni.[208]

National Executives

Convention People's Party laɣindila yuma anahi kam m-piiri bɛ kpamba ban yɛn be tooni.

Bɛ ni yoli niŋ piibu piibu shɛli daa niŋla Eastern region Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ay dali yuuni 2020 ni bɛ piigi paati toondana mini kpamba ban yɛn gbubi paati maa.^[159]

Yuya din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla bɛ ni daa yoli piigi shɛba:

National Position	Officer/s
Chair	Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong–Kumankumah (Disputed)
Vice Chair	Onsy Kwame Nkrumah (First)
	Emmanuel Ogborjor (Second)
	J.B. Daniels (Third)
General Secretary	Nana Yaa Akyimpim Jantuah (Resigned 2023)
Treasurer	Emmanuel Opare Oduro (Resigned 2023)
National Organizer	Moses Ambing Yirimbo (Resigned 2023)
National Organizer for Women	Hajia Aisha Sulley (Resigned 2023)
National Organizer for Youth	Osei Kofi Aquah (Resigned 2023)

Piibu piibu taarihi

Tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima piibu piibu

Election	Party candidate	Running mate	Votes	%	Result
1960	Kwame Nkrumah		1,016,076	89.07%	Elected Y
1964 (referendum)			2,773,920	99.91%	Elected Y
2000	George Hagan	Alhaji Ibrahim Mahama	115,641	1.78%	Lost N
2004	George Aggudey	Bright Kwame Ameyaw	85,968	1.00%	Lost N
2008	Paa Kwesi Nduom		113,494	1.34%	Lost N
2012	Michael Abu Sakara Foster	Nana Akosua Frimpomaa	20,323	0.18%	Lost N
2016	Ivor Greenstreet	Gabby Nsiah Nketiah	25,552	0.24%	Lost N
2020		Emmanuel Bobobe	12,200	0.09%	Lost N

Parliamentary elections

Election	Votes		%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1951	Urban areas	58,585	91.31%	34 / 38 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	34	1st	Supermajority government
	Rural areas	1,950	71.88%
1954	391,817		55.44%	72 / 104 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	38	1st	Supermajority government
1956	398,141		57.10%	71 / 104 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	1	1st	Supermajority government
1965				198 / 198 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	121	1st	Sole legal party
Banned 1966 refounded 29 January 1996.
2000	285,643		4.37%	1 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	5	3rd	Opposition
2004	247,753		2.88%	3 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	2	3rd	Opposition
2008	252,266		2.95%	1 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	2	3rd	Opposition
2012	81,009		0.73%	1 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">		3rd	Opposition
2016	69,346		0.64%	0 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">	1	4th	Extra-parliamentary
2020	11,105		0.08%	0 / 200 <div style="background-color: rgb(65025, 0, 0); width: Expression error: Ti bi baŋ a yɛltɔɣa bahibu bia maa "[".%; height: 100%;">		6th	Extra-parliamentary

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