Birnin da bashi da mota

 

Gidan dake Venice, misali na birni marar mota

  Birni mara mota yanki ne na birni wanda bashi da motoci.^[1][2][3] Biranen da basu da mota sun dogara da sufuri na jama'a, tafiya, da keke don tafiya batare da motoci ba. Gundumomin da aka haramta motoci ana kiransu Yankunan da ba su da mota. Misalai na birni marasa mota sun sami karfin gwiwa a rabi na biyu na karni na 20 saboda matsalolin da suka shafi tarwatsawa da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma gabatar da muhalli da ingancin fa'idodin rayuwa. Birane dayawa a Asiya, Turai, da Afirka suna da wuraren da basu da mota saboda an halicci biranen da aka kirkira kafin kirkirar motoci, ^[1] da yawancin biranen dake tasowa a Asiya ke amfani da samfurin batare da mota ba don inganta ababen more rayuwa.

Halaye

Birni na iya zama cikakke ko kuma wani ɓangare batare da mota ba. Biranen da basu da mota sun haramta duk amfani da motoci masu zaman kansu a cikin iyakokin birni, yayin da biranen da basu na mota suna da yankuna marasa mota amma suna bada izinin amfani da motocin masu zaman kansu. Wadannan yankuna suna mai da hankali ne a tsakiyar gari.^[4] An tsara ayyukan birni marasa mota a kan bukatun mutane maimakon motoci, tare da yanki mai kyau wanda ke kara motsi na masu tafiya da ingantaccen tsari.

Duk da yake babu takamaiman tsari don tsara birni mara mota, birane da yawa a duniya sun sami nasara tare da bambance-bambance na samfurin dake biyowa.

Birni mai ban sha'awa wanda bashi da mota ya ƙunshi yankuna biyu: ainihin zama da kewayon sabis.^[5] Babban ya kunshi mazauna da wuraren zama a cikin sararin jama'a a cibiyar.^[5] Don rage zirga-zirgar motoci a wannan yanki, tafiya yana aiki ne a matsayin ainihin yanayin sufuri tare da hanyoyin keke a buɗe a matsayin ƙari.^[5] A sakamakon haka, akwai karancin rikici tsakanin zirga-zirgar motoci da mazauna.^[5] Cibiyar sadarwa ta mai tafiya da keke kuma a hankali ta fito, ta shiga sassa dayawa na birnin.^[5]

Yankin, wanda ke kunshe da ainihin mazaunin, ya ƙunshi ayyuka da kayan aiki kamar manyan kantuna da wuraren motsa jiki. Tsakanin waɗannan wuraren da ainihin an ƙayyade su ta hanyar yawan amfani, tare da mafi yawan amfani dasu yana kwance kusa da tsakiyar gari.^[5] Wadannan wurare za'a rarraba su a kusa da birni, tare da burin rage nisan tafiya, inganta damar zama, da rage buƙatar sabbin kayan aikin hanya. Wani madadin tsari mai rarraba shine tashar sufuri ta jama'a ta tsakiya dake kewaye da shaguna da ayyuka masu yawa waɗanda ke bada sauƙin samun dama ga jama'a ba tare da tafiya ba.^[6]

A waje da birni batare da mota ba akwai wuraren sufuri da wuraren ajiye motoci da mazaunan birni zasuyi amfani dasu. Gidan ajiye motoci a waje da filin birni yana bada damar zuwa gefen birni, amma ya hana shiga cikin tsakiya. Sau dayawa, ana kirkirar wuraren ajiye motoci a gefen birni don bada damar mutane su ajiye motocinsu a can, da / ko ɗaukar madadin hanyar sufuri zuwa gari ("parking da ride"). Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna bada damar kayan aiki kamar shigo da / fitarwa na tsakiya da tattara sharar gida.^[5]

Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su

Dalilan sauyawa zuwa (ko ƙirƙirar) birni marar mota sun haɗa da rage gurɓataccen iska da gurɓatawar hayaniya, da kuma ikon sake rarraba ƙasar da akayi amfani da ita a baya don ababen more rayuwa kamar wuraren ajiye motoci da hanyoyi masu faɗi.^[4] Musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, kayan aikin yanzu basu iya cigaba da karuwar motoci masu zaman kansu ba, koda bayan ingantawa da sabon gina hanyoyi.

Game da tasirin muhalli, rage yawan motocin da aka mayar da hankali a cikin birni na iya inganta ingancin iska da rage hayaniya. An yi imanin cewa gurɓatawar motoci tana haifar da kusan mutuwar 184,000 a duniya, kuma kiyaye motoci daga wuraren dake da yawan jama'a na iya rage tasirin wannan gurɓata.^[7] Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen gaba na aiwatar da manyan tubalan a Barcelona na iya rage yawan mutanen dake zaune da gurɓataccen amo fiye da 65 dB daga 42.5% zuwa 26.5%.^[8] 

Game da ikon sake rarraba ƙasa, kusan kashi 70% na ƙasar dake cikin gari a cikin biranen Amurka da yawa ana rarraba su don amfani da motoci.^[4] Cire wuraren ajiye motoci da sauran wuraren dake da nauyin mota ba wai kawai yana rage gurɓataccen iska da hayaniya ba amma yana ba da damar da za'ayi amfani da ƙasa don wasu dalilai. Idan an sake rarraba ƙasa yadda ya kamata, zai iya rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da siminti da asphalt suka maye gurbin kayan lambu a wani yanki, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi saboda albedo da sauran sakamako.^[4] A cikin kasashe masu tasowa kamar Vietnam, kokarin hana zirga-zirga ta hanyar inganta hanyoyi, gina sabbin ababen more rayuwa, da canji a cikin manufofi basu iya rage yawan motoci ba.^[5] Akwai motsi don gabatar da sabon samfurin birni mara mota wanda zai bada damar inganta ingancin rayuwa yayin biyan bukatun dabaru na duk mazauna.

Tsarin

  Kokarin yanzu don canza biranen da suka cika zuwa biranen da basu da mota yana buƙatar wasu matakan da suka dace da al'umma kamar tarurrukan shawarwari tare da duk masu ruwa da tsaki, kamar su majami'un gari, ta amfani da ƙirar kwamfuta da auna zirga-zirga kafin da bayan rufewar hanya, da kuma tilasta ƙuntatawa da zarar shirin ya kasance.^[9] Yawancin biranen dake fuskantar canji a cikin EU sun tsara jagororin su daga shawarwarin da suka gabata, zuwa tsarawa, zuwa bayan aiwatarwa.

Bayan rufe tituna da murabba'i zuwa zirga-zirgar motoci, hanyar sadarwa ta masu tafiya da keke a hankali ta fito kuma ta shiga sassa dayawa na birnin. Hakazalika, saboda wannan bukatar don kauce wa rikice-rikice tare da zirga-zirgar motoci da haɓaka motsi na masu tafiya, hanyoyin sadarwar masu tafiya sun fito a ƙasa da matakin titi (Birni na karkashin kasa) ko sama da matakin hanya don haɗa manyan yankuna na cikin gari kamar yadda yake a cikin Minneapolis Skyway System.^[10] Ga sabbin yankuna a gefen birane ko sabbin garuruwa, sabbin ra'ayoyi guda biyu sun fito. Ma'anar Filtered Permeability (2007) da kuma samfurin don tsara garuruwa da rarrabuwa - Fused Grid (2003). ^[11][12] Dukansu suna mai da hankali kan sauya ma'auni na ƙirar cibiyar sadarwa don tallafawa tafiye-tafiye da keke.

Tasirin

Tasirin kai tsaye na ƙirar birane marasa mota sun haɗa da ingantaccen iska saboda kawar da gurɓataccen dake haifar da matakai masu amfani da motoci da yawa, rage gurɓatawar amo da girgizar ƙasa dake da alaƙa da injiniya da amfani da abin hawa, da rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane.^[13] Wani tasiri zai zama rage haɗarin masu tafiya da masu tuka keke da kuma mutuwar motoci. A kaikaice, ta hanyar ingantaccen, amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatu da saurin jigilar kayayyaki da mutane, biranen da ba su da mota suna da niyyar inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mazauna.

Muhalli

Tasirin muhalli ya haɗa da raguwa a cikin hayaki na iskar gas da kuma inganta matakan amo. Bayan iyakance damar motoci zuwa tsakiyar gari a Madrid, matakan nitrogen oxide sun fadi da 38% kuma carbon dioxide yafafi da 14.2% a tsakiyar gari.^[14] Wadannan hayaki sun fadi a duk birnin Madrid da kashi 9% na nitrogen oxide da kashi 2% na carbon dioxide.^[14] Bugu da ƙari, matakan hayaniya na yanayi waɗanda keda alaƙa da zirga-zirgar motoci za'a iya rage su ta hanyar aiwatar da yankuna marasa mota, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar rage gurɓata hayaniya na 10 dB wanda ke faruwa a Brussels a ranakun Lahadi marasa mota.^[4] 

Tattalin Arziki

Mazauna yankunan da basu da mota suna iya amfana daga karuwar sararin samaniya da ingantaccen tattalin arziki. A Madrid, iyakance damar motoci zuwa tsakiyar gari ya haifar da karuwar kashe kuɗin mabukaci da kashi 9.5% a kan babbar titin cin kasuwa da kuma kashi 3.3% a duk faɗin Madrid.^[14] Bugu da ƙari, mazauna yankunan da basu da mota a cikin Netherlands sun amfana daga karuwar ƙimar dukiya, duk da haka, yankunan da ke kusa da su basu da motoci sun magance zubar da ruwa saboda motoci ba su iya ajiyewa a yankunan da babu mota ba.^[15] Wannan ya kawo muhimmancin isasshen filin ajiye motoci kusa da waɗannan yankuna da kuma tambayar ko waɗannan yankuna basu da daidaito.^[15] Har ila yau, zane-zane marasa mota suna iyakance zaɓuɓɓukan sufuri. Birane sun bambanta a cikin matakin dogaro da motoci, kuma Tsarin birane yana bin Tsarin yanki mai ma'ana. Don haka, mutanen dake zaune a cikin unguwanni da kewayen birane na iya samun fa'ida kaɗan kuma su rasa damar shiga cikin gari, a cikin tsarin waje ginawa don yankunan zama na tsakiya da masu arziki.

Mutumin da yafi so

Tasirin mutum yana da alaƙa da farfado da sararin samaniya wanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su kasance masu aiki a jiki, ko don tafiya, don motsa jiki ko don nishaɗi. Ta hanyar rage Yaduwar birane, ana ganin tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa don ingantawa saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da kyawawan abubuwan da suka haifar da rarrabewa da warewa a cikin al'ummomin dake dogara da mota.^[1]

Misalan

Venice

Birnin Venice yana aiki ne a matsayin misali na yadda birni na zamani zai iya aiki batare da motoci ba. Wannan ƙirar ba da gangan bane kamar yadda aka kafa birnin sama da shekaru 1,500 da suka gabata, tun kafin kirkirar mota. Baƙi waɗanda ke tuki zuwa birni ko mazauna da ke da mota dole ne su ajiye motansu a cikin filin ajiye motoci a waje da birni sannan su cigaba kodai da ƙafa ko jirgin ƙasa zuwa cikin birni.^[16] Hanyar sufuri mafi girma a cikin birni itace ta ƙafa, duk da haka ana samun motocin ruwa (vaporetti) waɗanda ke tafiya a cikin hanyoyin birni.^[16]

Barcelona

A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin motsi na birni na 2014 na majalisa, Barcelona, Spain, ta aiwatar da sararin samaniya guda tara na masu tafiya kawai, wanda aka sani da "superblocks".^[17] Yankunan waɗannan tubalan sun kasance a buɗe ga duk motoci da bas na birni, yayin da ciki kawai yana ba da izinin zirga-zirgar cikin gida waɗanda dole ne su yi tafiya a ƙarƙashin 10 km / h.^[18] Gwamnatin birni ta ambaci manufofi dayawa don wannan shirin, gami da ƙarin motsi mai ɗorewa da sake farfado da wuraren jama'a.^[19] Cutar COVID-19 ta haifar da shawarwari don canji mai ban mamaki a cikin kungiyar Barcelona, kamar Manifesto for the Reorganization of the City bayan COVID-19, wanda aka buga a Barcelona kuma masana kimiyya 160 da gine-gine 300 suka sanya hannu, tare da kawar da mota a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci.

Nuremberg

Tun daga shekarun 1970s, Nuremberg, Jamus, ta rufe manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga a matakai, wanda ya kai ga cibiyar birni ba tare da mota ba.^[9] A shekara ta 1988, birnin ya rufe hanyar mota ta ƙarshe ta tsakiyar birnin a kan gwaji. Tare da shekara guda, wannan canjin ya rage yawan zirga-zirgar motoci da kashi 25% kuma ya kara ingancin iska sosai.^[9] Cire motoci daga tsakiyar gari ya kasance tare da gyaran gine-gine da shigar da sabbin kayan fasaha, suna samar da yanki mai ban sha'awa.^[9]

Heidelberg

Ya zuwa 2021, birnin Heidelberg, Jamus, a cewar New York Times, "yana sayen jiragen bas din hydrogen, gina cibiyar sadarwa ta keke 'superhighways' zuwa unguwanni da kuma tsara unguwanni don hana dukkan motoci da ƙarfafa tafiya. " An ba da ƙarfafawar shekara guda na sufuri na jama'a kyauta ga duk mai motar da yabada motarsa.

Ghent

A Ghent, Belgium, anfara shirin yaduwa kuma yanzu duk zuciyar birnin (hectare 35) ba ta da mota.^[20][9] Akwai sassan inda motoci zasu iya tuki da kuma sassan da basu da mota. A wasu sassan, sufuri na jama'a, taksi da masu izini na iya shiga amma bazai wuce 20 km / h ba.^[9]  Hanyar ajiye motoci ta wanzu a kusa da tsakiyar gari, ta amfani da tsarin jagorar ajiye motoci don tabbatar da samun dama ga dukkan sassan birni da wuraren ajiye motoci na karkashin kasa.^[9] Canjin zuwa mota batare da mota baya rage yawan zirga-zirga kuma yakara amfani da wasu hanyoyin sufuri, kamar kekuna da sufuri na jama'a.^[9]

Tsibirin

  Sauran misalai na wuraren da basu da mota sune Tsibirin Mackinac da Tsibirin Paquetá, inda aka haramta motoci kuma babban sufuri shine ta hanyar dawakai, kekuna, da jiragen ruwa.^[21][22]

Bukatar Nan Gaba

Birnin Masdar

Masdar City, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, birni ne mai kyau wanda aka tsara tare da ka'idojin muhalli a zuciya.^[23] Masdar City ta karɓi falsafar ba tare da mota ba'a matsayin wani ɓangare na ainihin tushen zama birni na muhalli.^[23] Ana kawar da motoci na mutum daga wuraren tituna, don tallafawa ƙirar birni mai tafiya, da kuma amfani da hanyar sadarwar saurin tafiye-tafiye mai zaman kanta don sufuri na jama'a a kan nesa.^[24]

Babban Birni

Babban Birni, a kasar Sin, wani misali ne na sabuwar birni, wanda aka tsara tare da ka'idodin birni mara mota a zuciya.

Layin

Saudi Arabia">layi birni ne mai hankali wanda ake ginawa a Saudi Arabia a Neom, lardin Tabuk, wanda aka tsara don bashi da motoci, tituna ko hayakin carbon.

Dubi kuma

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2. Khreis, Haneen; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. (2021). "Car-Free Cities". International Encyclopedia of Transportation: 240–248. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102671-7.10707-9. ISBN 978-0-08-102672-4.
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7. "Document Details". World Bank (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
8. Roberts, David (2019-04-09). "Barcelona wants to build 500 superblocks. Here's what it learned from the first ones". Vox (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
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14. Reid, Carlton. "Closing Central Madrid To Cars Resulted In 9.5% Boost To Retail Spending, Finds Bank Analysis". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
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16. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
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Manazarta

Ƙarin karantawa

Haɗin waje

• Cibiyar Kula da Motar Duniya
• Mujallar Busters
• Carfree.com
• Manifesto for the Reorganization of the City bayan COVID19 marubuci: Massimo Paolini [20 Afrilu 2020]