Lysander Spooner

Lysander Spooner
Lahir	(1808-01-19)19 Januari 1808 Athol, Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat
Meninggal	14 Mei 1887(1887-05-14) (umur 79) Boston, Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat
Pekerjaan	Pengusaha dan penulis
Kebangsaan	Amerika Serikat
Genre	Nonfiksi
Subjek	Filsafat politik
Karya terkenal	No Treason, The Unconstitutionality of Slavery
Karier filsafat
Era	Filsafat abad ke-19
Kawasan	Filsafat Barat
Aliran	Anarkisme individualis Mutualisme
Minat utama	Hukum alam
Dipengaruhi Andrews, Greene, Proudhon, Tucker, Warren
Memengaruhi Barnett, Rothbard

Lysander Spooner (19 Januari 1808 – 14 Mei 1887) adalah anarkis individualis Amerika Serikat. Dia juga seorang abolisionis, pengusaha, esais, teoretikus hukum, pamfeltis, filsuf politik, unitarian, penulis dan anggota Internasional Pertama.^[1]

Spooner adalah pendukung kuat gerakan buruh, antiotoritarian, dan anarkis individualis dalam pandangan politiknya.^[2][3] Ideologi ekonomi dan politiknya sering kali diidentifikasi sebagai sosialisme libertarian dan mutualisme.^[4][5][6][7] Tulisan-tulisannya berkontribusi pada perkembangan teori politik baik libertarian kiri dan libertarian kanan dalam libertarianisme di Amerika Serikat.^[8][9][10]

Tulisan Spooner termasuk buku abolisionis, The Unconstitutionality of Slavery dan No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority yang menentang tuduhan makar terhadap separatis.^[11][12][13] Spooner juga dikenal karena berkompetisi dengan Layanan Pos Amerika Serikat dengan perusahaannya, American Letter Mail Company. Namun, kompetisi ini berakhir setelah permasalahan hukum dengan pemerintah federal.^[4][14]

Publikasi

Hampir semua tulisan Spooner terdapat di kompilasi enam volume, The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner (1971). Pengecualian paling menonjol yaitu Vices Are Not Crimes, yang tidak dikenal luas sampai penerbitan ulangnya pada 1977.^[15]:xv

• "The Deist's Immortality, and An Essay on Man's Accountability for His Belief" (1834)
• "The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity" (1836)
• "Constitutional Law, Relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking" (1843)
• "The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress, Prohibiting Private Mails" (1844)
• The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1845)
• "Poverty: Its Illegal Causes, and Legal Cure" (1846)
• "Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster" (1850)
• "An Essay on Trial by Jury" (1852)
• "The Law of Intellectual Property" (1855)
• "A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South" (1858)
• "Address of the Free Constitutionalists to the People of the United States" (1860)
• "A New System of Paper Currency" (1861)
• "A Letter to Charles Sumner" (1864)
• "Considerations for Bankers, and Holders of United States Bonds" (1864)
• No Treason No. I (1870)
• No Treason No. II: The Constitution (1870)
• No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority (1870)
• "Forced Consent" (1873)
• "Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty" (1875)
• "Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations and Frauds" (1877)
• "Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them" (1878)
• "Natural Law, or the Science of Justice" (1882)
• "A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard" (1882)
• "A Letter to Scientists and Inventors, on the Science of Justice" (1884)
• "A Letter to Grover Cleveland, on His False Inaugural Address, the Usurpations and Crimes of Lawmakers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People" (1886)
• "Two Treatises on Competitive Currency and Banking" Diarsipkan 2019-02-22 di Wayback Machine. (2018)

Materi arsip

Terdapat koleksi surat yang ditulis Spooner di Perpustakaan Umum Boston dan Masyarakat Sejarah New York.^{[15]:viii–ix}

Lihat pula

• Abolisionisme di Amerika Serikat
• Filsafat Amerika
• Anarkisme individualis
• Anarkisme pasar bebas
• Libertarianisme kiri
• Anarkisme pasar sayap kiri
• Sosialisme libertarian
• Daftar filsuf Amerika
• Sosialisme pasar
• Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)
• Mutualisme (gerakan)
• Hak kodrati dan hak ikhtiyari
• Hukum alam

Referensi

1. Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: Penguin. hlm. 460. 
2. Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: The Expositers of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908. "Lysander Spooner, Dissident Among Dissidents". Auburn: Mises Institute. pp. 167–201. ISBN 9781610163910.
3. Rosemont, Henry Jr. (2015). Against Individualism: A Confucian Rethinking of the Foundations of Morality, Politics, Family, and Religion. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 78. ISBN 9780739199817.
4. Swartz, Clarence Lee (1945). What Is Mutualism? Modern Publishers. p. 126.
5. Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: Penguin. hlm. 434. 
6. Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Oakland: PM Press. p. 387. ISBN 9781604862706.
7. Morris, Brian (2015). Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader. Oakland: PM Press. p. 208. ISBN 9781604860931.
8. Miller, David, ed. (1987). Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker."
9. McKay, Iain, ed. (2012) [2008]. "Lysander Spooner: right-'libertarian' or libertarian socialist?". An Anarchist FAQ. I/II. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 9781849351225. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-16. 
10. MacSaorsa, Iain. "The Ideas of Lysander Spooner — Libertarian or libertarian socialist?". Spunk Library. December 3, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2019 – via The Anarchist Library.
11. Smith, George H. (1992). The Lysander Spooner Reader. p. xix.
12. Barnett, Randy E. (February 22, 2010). Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment. Rochester, New York: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1538862 . 
13. Raico, Ralph. "Neither the Wars Nor the Leaders Were Great". Ludwig von Mises Institute. March 29, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
14. Krohn, Raymond James (Summer 2007). "The Limits of Jacksonian Liberalism: Individualism, Dissent, and the Gospel of Andrew According to Lysander Spooner". Journal of Libertarian Studies. 21 (2): 46–47.
15. Shone, Steve J. (2010). Lysander Spooner, American Anarchist. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739144503. 

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Barnett, Randy (2008). "Spooner, Lysander (1808–1887)". Dalam Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. hlm. 488–490. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n297. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. 
• Shone, Steve J. (2010). Lysander Spooner, American Anarchist. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739144503. This is the first full-length work devoted to the ideas of Lysander Spooner. [...] The purpose of the present book is to argue that Lysander Spooner should be taken much more seriously as a political theorist. 

Pranala luar

• LysanderSpooner.org, website khusus
• Karya Lysander Spooner di Project Gutenberg
• Karya oleh/tentang Lysander Spooner di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
• Karya Lysander Spooner di LibriVox (buku suara domain umum)
• Lysander Spooner's Bibliography di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal April 12, 2003)
• Reason Magazine