睿智嘅老巫師(wise old wizard):指一個年老又有學識嘅巫師;典型嘅老巫師形象通常係一個有濃密白鬚嘅阿伯,會著住長袍同戴尖頂帽,曉用魔法;呢啲老巫師多數係忠嘅,常見嘅角色係負責做主角同佢同伴嘅師傅,教主角一啲重要嘅知識同技能,好多亦係負責提出預言嘅人。亞瑟王相關傳說當中嘅梅林(Merlin)成日俾現代人描繪成老巫師噉嘅形象。
魔杖(magic wand):指傳統形象嘅巫師施展魔法嗰陣會用嘅架生,一支魔杖通常會係一碌木造嘅長條,又輕又細可以用單手攞住;巫師施展魔法嗰時,會一路用一隻手揮舞佢支魔杖、一路唸咒語,然後魔法嘅力量就會由支魔杖嗰度走出嚟[4];例如《獅子·女巫·魔衣櫥》(The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe)當中扮演故仔大奸角嘅白女巫就會用佢嘅魔杖將人變成石頭[5]。
西洋龍(western dragon):歐洲人嘅民間傳說裏面都有龍呢種傳說生物;同東方人嘅龍唔同嘅係,西洋龍嘅傳統形象係凶惡(相對於吉祥嘅東方龍)、有翼曉飛(東方龍都曉飛,不過冇翼)、會噴火(東方龍通常唔會噴火),而且身形冇東方龍咁修長;喺現代西方奇幻入面,龍嘅形象喺正面度上相當多變-有奇幻故仔裏面嘅西洋龍係冇智能嘅,淨係做奸角嘅手下或者野生動物,但又有好多作品將西洋龍描繪成法力高強嘅有智能動物,某啲作品仲將佢哋描繪成好似天神一樣高於人類嘅存在[8]。廿一世紀初有西洋龍嘅奇幻作品有夢工場嘅動畫片《馴龍記》(How to Train Your Dragon)[9]。
↑David Colbert, The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter, p 195.
↑Downing, David C. (2005). Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
↑"Dark Lord" in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (eds. John Clute & John Grant: First St. Martin's Griffin ed.: 1999), p. 250.
↑Brockliss, William. 2017. "The Hesiodic Shield of Heracles: The Text as Nightmarish Vision." Illinois Classical Studies 42.1: 1-19.
↑Niles, Doug (2013), Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media.
↑Wilhite, C. J., Wilhite, C., & Williams, W. L. (2010). Dragon training and changing culture: A review of DreamWorks' How To Train Your Dragon. The Behavior Analyst, 33(2), 239-242.
↑Lovatt, H. E. L. E. N. (2020). Fantastic beasts and where they come from: How Greek are Harry Potter's mythical animals. Chasing mythical beasts: The reception of ancient monsters in children's and young adults' culture, 449-470.
↑Hafstein, Valdimir Tr. (2002). "Dwarfs" as collected in Lindahl, Carl. McNamara, John. Lindow, John. (2002).
↑Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Peoples of Middle-earth, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
↑Ármann Jakobsson (2015). "Beware of the Elf! A Note on the Evolving Meaning of Álfar". Folklore. 126 (2): 215–223.
↑Froud, Brian (1996). The Goblin Companion. Atlanta: Turner.
↑Waugh, Arthur (1960). "The Folklore of the Merfolk". Folklore. 71 (2): 73–84.
↑Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif (2004). Chance, Jane (ed.). Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth. Tolkien and the invention of myth : a reader. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 101-117.
↑Grover, S.; Mehra, A.; Dua, D. (January–June 2018). "Unusual cases of succubus: A cultural phenomenon manifesting as part of psychopathology". Ind Psychiatry J. 27 (1): 147-150.
↑Stephens, Walter (2002), Demon Lovers, p. 23, The University of Chicago Press
↑Melton, J. G. (2010). The vampire book: The encyclopedia of the undead. Visible Ink Press.
↑Botting, F. (2011). Zombie death drive: Between gothic and science fiction. Wasson and Alder, 36-54.
↑Clive Leatherdale (1985). Dracula: the Novel and the Legend. Desert Island Books.
↑Stoker, Bram (1975) [1897]. Leonard Wolf (ed.). The Annotated Dracula. Crown. p. 193.
↑Gygax, Gary (1976). Grewhawk. TSR Rules. p. 35. LICHES: These skeletal monsters are of magical origin, each Lich formerly being a very powerful Magic-User or Magic-User/Cleric in life, and are now alive only by means of great spells and will because of being in some way disturbed.
↑Harland, J; Wilkinson, T. T. (1857). Lancashire Folk-lore. Warne & Co. p. 55.
↑Ashley, Mike (1999) [1997], "Elves", The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, New York City, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, p. 316。
↑Croker, Thomas Croften (1834). Fairy legends and traditions of the south of Ireland. pp. 209-286.