库布里克于1975年拍摄《巴里·林登》
斯坦利·库布里克(1928-1999)[1]在其职业生涯中执导了十三部故事片和三部短纪录片。他的导演作品横跨多种类型[2],被认为具有极强的影响力[3][4][5]。
斯坦利·库布里克于1951年首次执导纪录短片《搏斗的日子》[a],同年晚些时候又执导了《飞行的牧师》[b]。1953年,他执导了首部故事片《恐惧和欲望》[c][8]。该片的反战主题在他后来的电影中也曾多次出现[9][10]。接下来,他拍摄了两部黑色电影,《杀手之吻》(1955年)和《谋杀》[d](1956年)[12][13]。影评人罗杰·艾伯特对《谋杀》大加赞赏,并称其为库布里克的“第一部成熟的故事片”[12]。库布里克随后执导了两部由柯克·道格拉斯主演的好莱坞电影:《光荣之路》(1957年)以及《斯巴达克斯》(1960年)[14][15]。后者赢得了金球奖最佳剧情类影片奖[16]。接下来他执导了由弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫同名小说改编的电影《洛丽塔》(1962年)[17],该片获得奥斯卡最佳改编剧本奖提名[18]。1964年,希区柯克执导了冷战讽刺电影《奇爱博士》,由彼得·塞勒斯和乔治·C·斯科特主演[19],该片获得了英国电影学院奖最佳影片奖[20]。
1968年,库布里克执导了太空史诗电影《2001:太空漫游》。现如今,这部电影被广泛认为是有史以来最具影响力的电影之一[21]。库布里克凭借其在这部电影钟特效导演方面的出色表现,获得了他个人唯一的一个奥斯卡奖[22]。他接下来的一部作品是反乌托邦电影《发条橙》(1971年),该片根据安东尼·伯吉斯1962年发表的同名中篇小说改编而成,上映时被评为限制级电影[23][24][25]。由于影片中描绘的“极端暴力”行为引发了现实中的犯罪案件,库布里克要求在英国停止发行该片[24]。接着,库布里克执导了历史题材类电影《巴里·林登》(1975年),这是他自前两部未来题材影片之后的转型之作[26]。该片的商业表现不佳,评价也褒贬不一,但在第48届奥斯卡金像奖上获得了四个奖项[27][28]。1980年,库布里克将斯蒂芬·金的小说改编成了电影《闪灵》,由杰克·尼科尔森和雪莉·杜瓦尔主演[29]。尽管库布里克因本片获得了金酸莓奖最差导演提名[30],但《闪灵》如今被普遍认为是有史以来最伟大的恐怖电影之一[29][31][32]。七年后,库布里克推出了以越南战争为题材的电影《全金属外壳》[33]。这部电影在烂番茄和Metacritic上是库布里克后期电影中评分最高的作品。20世纪90年代初,库布里克放弃了执导大屠杀电影《雅利安文件》的计划。在计划开展的初期,他曾犹豫是否要与斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格执导的电影《辛德勒的名单》相竞争,但在深入参与该项目后变得“非常沮丧”以至于最终放弃[2][34]。他人生中的最后一部电影是情色惊悚片《大开眼戒》,由湯姆·克魯斯和妮可·基德曼主演,这部影片在他去世后才上映[35]。库布里克另有一部称之为《匹诺曹》的未完成电影项目,由斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格于2001年制作完成,这就是影片《人工智能》[36][37]。
1997年,威尼斯电影节授予库布里克“终身成就金狮奖”[38]。同年,他获得了美国导演协会终身成就奖,当时称为D·W·格里菲斯终身成就奖[39][40]。1999年,英国电影和电视艺术学院向库布里克颁发了大不列颠奖[41]。他去世后,英国电影学院奖为了纪念他,将该奖项重新命名为“斯坦利·库布里克不列颠电影杰出奖”[42]。2000年,他被追授英国电影学院奖[43]。
《光荣之路》(1957年)的海报
《洛丽塔》(1962年)的海报
《发条橙》(1971年)的海报
纪实短片
其他
1952年,声音、特效和音乐制作导致《恐惧和欲望》的制作超出预算约53,000美元,库布里克不得不向制片人理查德·德·罗什蒙特求助,条件是库布里克在德·罗什蒙特制作的一部关于亚伯拉罕·林肯的五集传记系列片中担任副导演[70][71]。该片由詹姆斯·艾吉编剧,诺曼·劳埃德联合执导[72][73],在肯塔基州霍金维尔实地取景[75],主演为罗亚尔·丹诺和乔安妮·伍德沃德[66][76]。
- ^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
- ^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
- ^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
- ^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
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