库布里克于1975年拍摄《巴里·林登 》
斯坦利·库布里克 (1928-1999)[ 1] 在其职业生涯中执导了十三部故事片 和三部短纪录片 。他的导演作品横跨多种类型[ 2] ,被认为具有极强的影响力[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] 。
斯坦利·库布里克于1951年首次执导纪录短片《搏斗的日子 》[ a] ,同年晚些时候又执导了《飞行的牧师 》[ b] 。1953年,他执导了首部故事片《恐惧和欲望 》[ c] [ 8] 。该片的反战 主题在他后来的电影中也曾多次出现[ 9] [ 10] 。接下来,他拍摄了两部黑色电影 ,《杀手之吻 》(1955年)和《谋杀 》[ d] (1956年)[ 12] [ 13] 。影评人罗杰·艾伯特 对《谋杀》大加赞赏,并称其为库布里克的“第一部成熟的故事片”[ 12] 。库布里克随后执导了两部由柯克·道格拉斯 主演的好莱坞 电影:《光荣之路 》(1957年)以及《斯巴达克斯 》(1960年)[ 14] [ 15] 。后者赢得了金球奖最佳剧情类影片奖 [ 16] 。接下来他执导了由弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫 同名小说 改编的电影《洛丽塔 》(1962年)[ 17] ,该片获得奥斯卡最佳改编剧本奖 提名[ 18] 。1964年,希区柯克执导了冷战 讽刺电影《奇爱博士 》,由彼得·塞勒斯 和乔治·C·斯科特 主演[ 19] ,该片获得了英国电影学院奖最佳影片奖 [ 20] 。
1968年,库布里克执导了太空史诗电影《2001:太空漫游 》。现如今,这部电影被广泛认为是有史以来最具影响力的电影 之一[ 21] 。库布里克凭借其在这部电影钟特效导演方面的出色表现,获得了他个人唯一的一个奥斯卡奖 [ 22] 。他接下来的一部作品是反乌托邦 电影《发条橙 》(1971年),该片根据安东尼·伯吉斯 1962年发表的同名中篇小说 改编而成,上映时被评为限制级电影 [ 23] [ 24] [ 25] 。由于影片中描绘的“极端暴力”行为引发了现实中的犯罪案件,库布里克要求在英国停止发行该片[ 24] 。接着,库布里克执导了历史题材类电影《巴里·林登 》(1975年),这是他自前两部未来题材影片之后的转型之作[ 26] 。该片的商业表现不佳,评价也褒贬不一,但在第48届奥斯卡金像奖 上获得了四个奖项[ 27] [ 28] 。1980年,库布里克将斯蒂芬·金的小说 改编成了电影《闪灵 》,由杰克·尼科尔森 和雪莉·杜瓦尔 主演[ 29] 。尽管库布里克因本片获得了金酸莓奖 最差导演提名[ 30] ,但《闪灵》如今被普遍认为是有史以来最伟大的恐怖电影 之一[ 29] [ 31] [ 32] 。七年后,库布里克推出了以越南战争 为题材的电影《全金属外壳 》[ 33] 。这部电影在烂番茄和Metacritic 上是库布里克后期电影中评分最高的作品。20世纪90年代初,库布里克放弃了执导大屠杀 电影《雅利安文件》的计划。在计划开展的初期,他曾犹豫是否要与斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格 执导的电影《辛德勒的名单 》相竞争,但在深入参与该项目后变得“非常沮丧”以至于最终放弃[ 2] [ 34] 。他人生中的最后一部电影是情色惊悚片《大开眼戒 》,由湯姆·克魯斯 和妮可·基德曼 主演,这部影片在他去世后才上映[ 35] 。库布里克另有一部称之为《匹诺曹》的未完成电影项目,由斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格于2001年制作完成,这就是影片《人工智能 》[ 36] [ 37] 。
1997年,威尼斯电影节 授予库布里克“终身成就金狮奖”[ 38] 。同年,他获得了美国导演协会终身成就奖,当时称为D·W·格里菲斯终身成就奖 [ 39] [ 40] 。1999年,英国电影和电视艺术学院 向库布里克颁发了大不列颠奖[ 41] 。他去世后,英国电影学院奖为了纪念他,将该奖项重新命名为“斯坦利·库布里克不列颠电影杰出奖”[ 42] 。2000年,他被追授英国电影学院 奖[ 43] 。
《光荣之路 》(1957年)的海报
《洛丽塔 》(1962年)的海报
《发条橙 》(1971年)的海报
纪实短片
其他
1952年,声音、特效和音乐制作导致《恐惧和欲望》的制作超出预算约53,000美元,库布里克不得不向制片人理查德·德·罗什蒙特 求助,条件是库布里克在德·罗什蒙特制作的一部关于亚伯拉罕·林肯 的五集传记系列片中担任副导演[ 70] [ 71] 。该片由詹姆斯·艾吉 编剧,诺曼·劳埃德 联合执导[ 72] [ 73] ,在肯塔基州霍金维尔 实地取景[ 75] ,主演为罗亚尔·丹诺 和乔安妮·伍德沃德 [ 66] [ 76] 。
^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
^ 译名参考自《库布里克的电影》。
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