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Bolsonarism

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Bolsonarism
Bolsonarismo
LeaderJair Bolsonaro
FounderJair Bolsonaro
Olavo de Carvalho
Founded3 March 2016; 10 years ago (2016-03-03)
MembershipLiberal Party
Historical
Alliance for Brazil
Social Liberal Party
Ideology
Political positionFar-right[6][7]

Bolsonarism (Portuguese: bolsonarismo) is an ideology or the political movement tied to Jair Bolsonaro. His views, policies, and supporters are variously described as neo-fascist or far-right populism by scholars and news outlets,[8][9] although Bolsonaro denied that he is a fascist.[10] Bolsonarism broke out in Brazil with the rise in popularity of Bolsonaro, especially during his campaign in the presidential election in 2018, which elected him as president. The Workers' Party (PT) crisis during the Dilma Rousseff government, precipitated and accelerated by the political-economic crisis of 2014, strengthened Bolsonarist ideology and the Brazilian new right, which are part of the context of the rise of New Right populism at an international level.[11][12][page needed]

In politics, figures from Bolsonarism, such as Bolsonaro's son Eduardo Bolsonaro, have sought to attract punishments and international sanctions for Brazil in order to free Bolsonaro from being legally judged according to Brazilian laws, which has triggered a US tariff on the country.[13] Likewise, pro-Bolsonaro deputies, with the support of parties such as União Brasil, PP, and Novo, tried to block, intimidate, destabilize,[14][15] and impede the functioning of the legal entities of the legislature (Senate and Congress) as a form of blackmail for their objectives, such as making it difficult to vote on government projects that benefit workers (such as the exemption from income tax) and trying to free Jair Bolsonaro and those involved in the coup attempt and extremists from the January 8 attacks. Bolsonaro supporters have also repeatedly threatened to kill Brazilian authorities and politicians.[16]

Ideology

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Bolsonarism was the predominant ideology of the Bolsonaro government and, according to its critics, is associated with rhetoric defending the family, patriotism, conservatism, anti-communism, scientific denialism, carrying weapons, and aversion to the political left, as well as the cult of the figure of Bolsonaro, often called a "myth".[7][17][18] Writer Olavo de Carvalho is often cited as having been the "guru" of the Bolsonarist ideology.[19][20]

Although Bolsonaro defined his government as "free from ideological constraints",[21] and did not recognize Bolsonarism as an ideology, his supporters – pejoratively called "Bolsominions" – diverge between those who agree with Bolsonaro[22] and those who use the term to express their political position.[23]

Bolsonaro through his political career has opposed human rights and minority rights in Brazil,[24] and under his presidency human and minority rights were increasingly targeted by government policies.[25][26]

While being against "globalism",[27][28] Bolsonaro sought to work with various other neo-fascist, far-right, and authoritarian political parties, groups, and strategists to combat left wing politics across central and south America.[29] Efforts towards this goal included helping to set up the Madrid Forum.[30]

Attacks

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Some of his supporters, in the name of Bolsonaro or based on his right-wing ideas, have carried out several riots and terrorist attacks such as 2023 Brazilian Congress attack against the election of the left-wing candidate for the presidency, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Silva Júnior & Fargoni 2020, p. 2: "It can therefore be said that Bolsonarism is a facet of Brazilian authoritarianism or an authentic right-wing populism that articulates with neoliberalism, because its characteristics are witnessed in Brazil's social daily life, producing a daily pedagogy of right-wing populism."
  2. ^ "Jair Bolsonaro and the perversion of liberalism". The Economist. 27 October 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ https://trendsresearch.org/insight/bolsonarismos-shifting-alliances-brazilian-politics-in-an-election-year/?srsltid=AfmBOoqQ88buQeLOxn6RQDXmIwJvfwhwH9B0IcEcp4Gr9RqoJzuyZUTs
  4. ^ Bernardino-Costa 2023, p. 107: "Social networks would provide the necessary fuel for Bolsonarism, a phenomenon that expresses an ultraconservative moral and neoliberal economic worldview"
  5. ^ Araújo, Maria do Socorro Sousa de; Carvalho, Alba Maria Pinho de (2021). "Autoritarismo no Brasil do presente: bolsonarismo nos circuitos do ultraliberalismo, militarismo e reacionarismo". Revista Katálysis. 24 (1): 146–156. doi:10.1590/1982-0259.2021.e75280. ISSN 1982-0259. Based on the critical analysis of scholars on the Brazilian reality, we approach bolsonarism as an expression of authoritarianism in Brazil of the Present, constituted from the convergence of political-cultural reactionism, militarism and ultraliberalism.
  6. ^ Phillips D. 2018; Barón 2014; Singer et al. 2021
  7. ^ a b Ribeiro 2020, p. 470: ""Mito" significa embaralhar infantilmente realidade e imaginação. Estar fora da história mas, ao mesmo tempo, deter poderes para nela intervir. Perder a noção de humanidade ao clamar por um super-homem apto a solucionar tudo aquilo visto como "problema". O mito é um clamor delirante em nome da eliminação do outro e se porventura a tragédia da morte despontar no horizonte da vida e o tempo histórico reclamar seus direitos, a direita sempre poderá encontrar tanto a desculpa de que não imaginava que as coisas aconteceriam de tal forma quanto a de que a esquerda teria feito muito pior. Em síntese, o mito é o álibi impecável do autoritarismo." [""Myth" means childishly mixing reality and imagination. Being outside of history but, at the same time, having the powers to intervene in it. Losing the notion of humanity when calling for a superman capable of solving everything seen as a "problem". The myth is a delusional cry in the name of the elimination of the other and if perhaps the tragedy of death emerges on the horizon of life and historical time reclaims its rights, the right will always be able to find the excuse that it did not imagine that things would happen in such a way as to how the left would have done much worse. In short, the myth is the impeccable alibi of authoritarianism."]
  8. ^ de Souza 2020, p. 1; Gonçalves & Caldeira Neto 2022, From the Bolsonaro government to the attack on the Porta dos Fundos headquarters; Gomes 2020, p. 2: "It is not just about specific periods, such as: the genocide of the indigenous people, during the invasion of Brazilian lands in 1500; or more than 300 years of official slavery; the Vargas Dictatorship in Estado Novo; the "Years of Lead" (1964-1984); or the extremist authoritarian personality – of a fascist type – of Jair Bolsonaro, his government and insurgent Bolsonarism28; which dispute our territory and threaten us every day."
  9. ^ Bevins, Vincent (1 August 2024). "Trumps of the Tropics: Brazil's Far Right Plots Its Return". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Phillips, Tom (30 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 March 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Galinari, Tiago Nogueira (29 August 2019). "A "Guinada à direita" e a nova política externa brasileira" [The "Shift to the Right" and the New Brazilian Foreign Policy]. Caderno de Geografia (in Portuguese). 29 (2): 190–211. doi:10.5752/P.2318-2962.2019v29n2p190-211 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 2318-2962. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  12. ^ Brasil em transe : Bolsonarismo, nova direita e desdemocratização [Brazil in a trance: Bolsonarism, the new right, and de-democratization.] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Oficina Raquel. 2019. OCLC 1112610937.
  13. ^
  14. ^ "Ação bolsonarista para interditar o Congresso é ilegal, avalia Alcolumbre | Radar". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 August 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "'Bolsonarismo perdeu protagonismo no debate e quer criar tumulto para monopolizar atenções'" ['Bolsonarism has lost prominence in the debate and wants to create turmoil to monopolize attention']. BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 August 2025. Retrieved 10 August 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^
  17. ^ Graieb, Carlos (29 January 2021). "Prepare-se para falar de armas" [Prepare to talk about weapons]. ISTOÉ Independente (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Gonçalves & Caldeira Neto 2022, From the Bolsonaro government to the attack on the Porta dos Fundos headquarters; Bernardino-Costa 2023, p. 99
  19. ^
  20. ^ Brancoli 2024, pp. 73–76.
  21. ^ "Cinco pontos que marcaram os discursos de posse de Bolsonaro". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ "Silas Malafaia: "Não sou bolsominion"" [Silas Malafaia: "I am not a Bolsonaro supporter"]. VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "O que é ser bolsonarista?" [What does it mean to be a Bolsonaro supporter?]. BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Brancoli 2024, pp. 42–44.
  25. ^ Machado 2020, p. 25.
  26. ^ Terto Neto 2020, p. 49.
  27. ^ Sá Guimarães et al. 2023, p. 273.
  28. ^ Brancoli 2024, pp. 70–78.
  29. ^ Brancoli 2024, pp. 55–59, 70–78.
  30. ^ Brancoli 2024, pp. 56–58.
  31. ^

Works cited

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Further reading

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