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Fujimorism

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Fujimorism
Fujimorismo
LeaderKeiko Fujimori
FounderAlberto Fujimori
Founded1989; 37 years ago (1989)
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right[1]
National affiliation
Colours  Orange   Black

Fujimorism (Spanish: Fujimorismo) is the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies, and his family, especially Keiko Fujimori. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for neoliberal economics, opposition to communism, and socially and culturally conservative stances, such as opposition to LGBT rights and school curriculums including gender equality and sex education.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Opponents of Fujimorism are known as anti-Fujimorists.

Since Alberto Fujimori's election, Fujimorism has continued to maintain influence throughout Peru's institutions with the assistance of the 1993 constitution, its neoliberal policies and the support of extractivism.[10][11] The movement was less politically relevant during the period after Alberto Fujimori's removal as President in 2000 until 2011, when Fujimorism regained political relevance through the activities of Alberto's children, Keiko and Kenji, with Keiko's party Popular Force controlling much of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 2016 until 2020 through a system that was constitutionally drafted by her father.[12] Since then, Fujimorism has obtained control of the majority of Peru's governing bodies,[13] largely because other parties have been unable to secure a significant share of votes in general elections.[14]

History

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1990s

[edit]

The lack of a stable political-party system in Peru as well as in other countries of Latin America has led many times to the emergence in the political arena of strong personalities without overt ideological affiliations.[15] Fujimori was elected president in the 1990 election. Fujimori led the 1992 Peruvian self-coup, ostensibly directed against domestic terrorists. Following the 1992 crisis, Fujimori would broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions as possible to persecute left-wing political opponents.[11] Using the terruqueo, a fearmongering tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a cult of personality by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru.[11] Political scientist Daniel Encinas stated that the terruqueo would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the tactic as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence".[16][17]

In 1993, the Constitution of Peru was rewritten by Fujimori and his supporters and is currently used today. This constitution would later come to benefit Alberto Fujimori's children.[12]

2000s

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Fujimori took refuge in Japan when faced with charges of corruption in 2000. On arriving in Japan, he attempted to resign his presidency via fax, but his resignation was rejected by the Congress of the Republic, which preferred to remove him from office by the process of impeachment. Fujimori maintained a self-imposed exile until he was arrested while visiting Chile in November 2005.[18] He was extradited to face criminal charges in Peru in September 2007.[19] In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an illegal search and seizure, and was sentenced to six years in prison.[20][21][22] The Supreme Court upheld the decision upon his appeal.[23] In April 2009, Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.

2010s

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Following Fujimori's fall from power, his self-exile to Japan, his extradition back to Peru and his subsequent trial and imprisonment, there emerged political parties that continued to proclaim to follow the legacy of Alberto Fujimori. The most prominent of these groups that formed in the aftermath of Alberto's downfall is Popular Force (Fuerza Popular), a political party that was created and is led by the former president's daughter Keiko Fujimori, a presidential candidate in 2011 and again in 2016.

Kenji and Keiko Fujimori

In March 2017, Popular Force blocked an investigation into alleged sexual abuse within the Catholic church using the justification that it was only intended as an attack on religion.[8]

As a result of the 2016 Peruvian general election, Keiko Fujimori lost the presidential race, though her Popular Force party gained control of Peru's congress while economist Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the presidency.[12] Shortly after the election, Fujimorist congress immediately began to politically attack President Kuczynski, beginning two impeachment proceedings against the president; a failed attempt in 2017 and another attempt in 2018.[12]

Shortly after the first impeachment vote failed, President Kuczynski pardoned Alberto Fujimori, with Kuczynski, citing Fujimori's health and age as the main reason for his pardoning.[24] Days before the second vote was to occur, Kenji Fujimori – who was then still part of his sister's party Popular Force – was involved in the Kenjivideos scandal where he was seen attempting to buy the votes in favor of President Kuczynski to avoid the president's impeachment.[25][26][27] As a result of the scandal, President Kuczynski resigned the presidency.

Following this series of events, First Vice President Martín Vizcarra was sworn into the presidency by the Fujimorist-led congress. During this ceremony, some Peruvians took to the streets to protest against the government, calling for the removal of all politicians.[28] Others have stated that the attacks against President Kuczynski was a conspiracy of the Fujimorists to gain control of Peru's political system once more. Soon after taking office, President Vizcarra made attempts to remove corruption within Peru, proposing a national referendum effort surrounding the country's legislative branch and election funding 28 July 2018.[29][30] On 3 October 2018, Alberto Fujimori's pardon was overturned by a Peruvian court[31] and a week later on 10 October 2018, Keiko Fujimori was detained by police as part of an investigation surrounding the Odebrecht scandal and money laundering allegations that involved her 2011 presidential campaign.[32] On 23 January 2019, Alberto Fujimori was sent back to prison to complete his sentence[33] with his pardon formally being annulled three weeks later on 13 February 2019.[34]

During their majority in congress, Fujimorists "earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation's rampant corruption" according to the Associated Press.[35]

2020s

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During the 2021 Peruvian general election, the right-wing elite, business groups and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborated with the campaign of Keiko Fujimori by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents.[36][37][38] Media organizations in Peru would use the terruqueo along with fake news in an effort to support Fujimori.[39] Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "generally backed Fujimori".[40] After Pedro Castillo was elected to the presidency, Fujimorists began to manipulate laws to prevent the dissolution of Congress and to solidify governing power within the legislature[41] in which they succeeded in 2023, while Castillo himself was removed from Presidency in December 2022 after his self-coup attempt.

In 2023, Alberto Fujimori was pardoned. His supporters celebrated in several cities across the country, such as Iquitos, where a political caravan was organized.[42] The following year, in 2024, the former convict joined Popular Force. The party’s secretary-general, Luis Galarreta, considered his incorporation an “important act” in its history.[43] Alberto Fujimori died that same year. Paulo Vilca noted that, at that moment, Keiko Fujimori "had consolidated herself as the sole reference of Fujimorism" and that Popular Force was "a disciplined machine that responded to a single leadership".[32]

Characteristics

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Ideology

[edit]

Fujimorism is characterized by its social conservatism, having traits of authoritarianism[2][44] and described as having a political position of being far-right.[1] It is also known for strong opposition to left-wing and far-left groups.[45] The principal foundations of the regime were staunch anti-communism, forceful anti-terrorist actions, pro-free market policies and disregard for political institutions.[46] In terms of the decision-making process, a logic of closed and isolated decision-making at the top became the major characteristic of Fujimori governance.[47] Fujimorism is considered neoliberal economically as it minimized the role of the state functions through privatizations of public companies and by signing contracts with transnational companies to support foreign investment in large sectors.[48] Peruvian sociologist Aníbal Quijano has described Fujimorism to have "fascistic" traits, though he distinguishes it from fascism due to its absence of a nationalist character, the mythology which it sways multitudes and the mass mobilization usually seen in mass movements.[49]

Parties and alliances

[edit]

Self-proclaimed Fujimorist parties and electoral coalitions include Cambio 90, New Majority, Sí Cumple, Peru 2000, Alliance for the Future (2006–2010), Popular Force (since 2010), and Peru Secure Homeland (since 2013). Beginning in the late 2010s, the far-right "neo-fascist" group La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia, with links to Popular Renewal, participated in protests to support Fujimorist causes.[50][51][52][53]

Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force has also allied with the conservative parties Advance Country of Hernando de Soto and Popular Renewal of Rafael López Aliaga, with the parties signing the Madrid Charter, an anti-leftist manifesto promoted by the far-right Spanish party Vox.[54][55][56][57] Fujimorists have also allied themselves with leftist parties such as Free Peru, with the latter approaching Popular Force due to its power within governing institutions.[41]

Reception

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Luis Pásara criticized that the parties Cambio 90 and Nueva Mayoría were not solid and merely served as support for leader Alberto Fujimori in the 1992 constituent elections.[58]

Likewise, opposition politicians denounced numerous cases of corruption that occurred during the administration of former president Alberto Fujimori, especially in the second term (1995–2000). In 2001, at least 15 Fujimorists who had been elected as congressmen were constitutionally accused by the Permanent Commission.[59]

Fujimorism is also criticized for encouraging and allowing its supporters to attack any political opponent. This aspect became very noticeable during the 2021 Peruvian electoral crisis, with the arrival of Pedro Castillo to the presidency.[60] In 2024, former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski blamed Keiko Fujimori for initiating the political crisis between 2016 and 2020, precisely when Kuczynski assumed the presidency by majority vote.[61]

In 2025, CPI indicated that 37.8% of respondents nationwide considered Fujimorism to be the “most inefficient and corrupt” grouping in the Congress of the Republic.[62]

Fujimori family

[edit]

Alberto Fujimori

[edit]
Alberto Fujimori in 1999

Alberto Fujimori was the patriarch of the family that bears his surname. Alberto was historically the main figure of the Fujimorist movement. The Fujimori surname comes from Kintaro Fujimori, Alberto’s father, who had emigrated from Japan to Peru years before his son’s birth.[63]

Keiko Fujimori

[edit]
Keiko Fujimori as congresswoman in 2010

Keiko Fujimori studied business administration at Stony Brook University. In 2006, she ran for Congress with the coalition Alliance for the Future and was elected for the 2006–2011 period, receiving the highest vote total (more than 600,000 votes according to official counts from the ONPE).[64]

In a 2012 interview, Keiko acknowledged that her father was a “good caudillo” and that he had refused to join any political party during his government. She added that her father later ceded his power to build Popular Force.[65]

Kenji Fujimori

[edit]
Kenji Fujimori as congressman in 2018

Former first lady Keiko Fujimori's younger brother, Kenji Fujimori, resigned in 2018 from Popular Force.[66] Together with nine other congressmen expelled from the same party for abstaining in the vote on the presidential vacancy process against President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski the previous year, he formed the Cambio 21 caucus, which had a more progressive than conservative ideology. Cambio 21 was recognized by the President of Congress Daniel Salaverry, with the hope that the caucus would become a political party similar to the former Fujimorist party Sí Cumple.[67]

See also

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Similar ideologies

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b  • Cohen, Mollie J. (2024). None of the Above: Protest Voting in Latin American Democracies. University of Michigan Press. p. 29. Keiko Fujimori, a far-right congresswoman and the daughter of ousted dictator Alberto Fujimori. *Art, David (December 2024). "The Radical Right Goes Global (and Local)". Perspectives on Politics. 22 (4): 1285–1290. doi:10.1017/S1537592724001609. ISSN 1537-5927. far-right politicians like Bolsonaro, Duterte, Alberto Fujimori, and Álvaro Uribe succeed electorally in large part because they provide security at the cost of mass repression.
  2. ^ a b Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación [The Teacher: How Pedro Castillo became president of Peru and what will happen next] (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Fujimorism was an unprecedented authoritarian political regime
  3. ^ "'Con mis hijos no te metas' asegura tener apoyo de bancada fujimorista en el Congreso" ['Don’t mess with my children' says it has support from the Fujimorist bloc in Congress]. Exitosa. March 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  4. ^ "Fujimorismo respaldó polémica movilización en contra del nuevo currículo escolar" [Fujimorism backed controversial mobilization against the new school curriculum]. La República. March 4, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  5. ^ Tiburcio, Graciela (March 2, 2018). "Julio Rosas condecoró al colectivo Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas en el Congreso" [Julio Rosas decorated the Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas collective in Congress]. Wayka.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  6. ^ ""¿Puede surgir un liderazgo conservador a la derecha de Keiko?"" ["Can a conservative leader emerge to the right of Keiko?"]. El Comercio. March 11, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  7. ^ Fonseca, Juan (May 4, 2016). "Esta es la verdadera historia de la reunión de Keiko Fujimori con los líderes evangélicos ultraconservadores" [This is the true story of Keiko Fujimori’s meeting with ultraconservative evangelical leaders]. Utero.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Caso Sodalicio: Congreso, con votos del fujimorismo, evita investigar abusos" [Sodalicio case: Congress, with Fujimorist votes, avoids investigating abuses]. La República. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  9. ^ "Fujimorismo insiste en no investigar al Sodalicio" [Fujimorism insists on not investigating Sodalicio]. La República. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  10. ^ "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón" [Not even a mole: barely a stopper]. IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  11. ^ a b c Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO" [The neoliberal-Fujimorist totality: stigmatization and coloniality in contemporary Peru]. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
  12. ^ a b c d Rochabrún, Marcelo; Zarate, Andrea (2018-03-22). "A Low-Profile Engineer Is Set to Take Power in Peru". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  13. ^ "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón" [Not even a mole: barely a stopper]. IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  14. ^ Costa Santolalla, Gino (2025-12-31). "Elecciones decisivas: entre la deriva autoritaria y el rescate de la promesa republicana". Acta Herediana. 68 (2): 59–62. doi:10.20453/ah.v68i2.7508. ISSN 2411-4502.
  15. ^ Mainwaring (2006).
  16. ^ Feline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (13 January 2021). ""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  17. ^ "Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo" ["Terruqueo" in Peru and how it influences the presidential contest between Fujimori and Castillo]. BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  18. ^ Conditional release for Fujimori, BBC News, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  19. ^ Extradited Fujimori back in Peru 22 September 2007.
  20. ^ Fujimori jailed for abusing power, BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  21. ^ Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. Resolution 17-2008 Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search, New York Times, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  23. ^ Emery, Alex (15 April 2008). "Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  24. ^ "UPDATE 6-Peru president pardons ex-leader Fujimori; foes take to streets". Msn.com. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  25. ^ "'Kenjivideos' y compra de votos: Funcionario explica cuál es el "negocio" de los congresistas (VIDEO)" ['Kenjivideos' and vote buying: Official explains what the congressmen's “business” is] (in Spanish). Diario Correo. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  26. ^ Rochabrún, Marcelo; Casey, Nicholas (21 March 2018). "Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal". The New York Times. Lima, Peru. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  27. ^ Collyns, Dan (23 March 2018). "Martín Vizcarra sworn in as Peru's new president as embattled Kuczynski exits". The Guardian. Lima. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Martin Vizcarra Sworn In As Peru's New President". NPR. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  29. ^ Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018). "Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  30. ^ Taj, Mitra. "Peru president proposes referendum on political, judicial reform". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  31. ^ "Peru court reverses ex-leader's pardon". BBC News. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  32. ^ a b Collyns, Dan (2018-10-10). "Peru opposition leader Keiko Fujimori detained over 'money laundering'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  33. ^ "Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison". Reuters. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail". The West Australian. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  35. ^ "Dark days for Peru's political dynasty after congress closes". Associated Press. 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  36. ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.
  37. ^ "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  38. ^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.
  39. ^ Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936.
  40. ^ Aquino, Marco (28 June 2021). "Peru's Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón" [Not even a mole: barely a stopper]. IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  42. ^ "Mototaxistas realizaron caravana con la frase «Fujimori 2026» en Iquitos" [Mototaxi drivers held a caravan with the slogan “Fujimori 2026” in Iquitos]. Caretas (in Spanish). 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  43. ^ Zevallos Morón, Jair (2024-06-21). "Luis Galarreta: "Fuerza Popular aclamará a Alberto Fujimori si decide postular"" [Luis Galarreta: “Popular Force will acclaim Alberto Fujimori if he decides to run”]. RPP Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  44. ^ Martínez, José Honorio (15 June 2009). "Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista" [Neoliberalism and genocide in the Fujimorist regime]. Historia Actual Online. 9.
  45. ^ Ghersi, Enrique (August 2007). "El gobierno de Fujimori fue liberal" [Fujimori's government was liberal]. Perú Económico. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.
  46. ^ Lawson (2010), pp. 185–190.
  47. ^ Lawson (2010), p. 186.
  48. ^ Diez Canseco, Javier (2002). Balance de la inversión privada y privatización, 1990-2001 : objetivos/resultados [Balance of private investment and privatization, 1990–2001: objectives/results]. Lima, Peru: Congreso del Perú. ISBN 978-9972890086. OCLC 52895332.
  49. ^ Quijano, Aníbal (1995). "Fujimorism and Peru". Socialism and Democracy. 9 (2): 45–63. doi:10.1080/08854309508428165.
  50. ^ "'La Pestilencia' por dentro" ['The Pestilence' from the inside]. IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  51. ^ "La Resistencia: la radiografía de un grupo violento | POLITICA" [La Resistencia: the X-ray of a violent group | POLITICS]. Peru21 (in Spanish). 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  52. ^ Mitrovic, Mijail (2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936. The deaths of the two young men led to a dispute over public space that prefigured the following months: the memorials erected spontaneously by citizens were repeatedly razed to the ground by the pro-Fujimori group La Resistencia, a far-right shock troop that months later would boast of shouting "no to communism" with the fascist gesture of the raised right arm during the second round between Keiko Fujimori (Fuerza Popular) and Pedro Castillo (Perú Libre).
  53. ^ Drinot, Paulo (17 March 2022). "Peruvian Stasis". New Left Review. Retrieved 21 May 2023. neofascist groups like La Resistencia, with close ties to the fujimorista movement, have sought to intimidate government ministers, independent journalists and feminist activists.
  54. ^ "Vox estrecha lazos con derecha peruana y suma firmas a su pacto anticomunista" [Vox strengthens ties with the Peruvian right and adds signatures to its anti-communist pact]. EFE (in Spanish). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  55. ^ Teruggi, Marco (20 October 2021). "La derecha dura española descubrió América | El grupo Vox busca crear una internacional en la "iberoesfera"" [The Spanish hard right discovered America | The Vox group seeks to create an international in the "Iberosphere"]. Página 12. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  56. ^ "Poderes no santos: alianzas de ultraderecha en Latinoamérica" [Unholy powers: far-right alliances in Latin America]. OjoPúblico (in Spanish). 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  57. ^ Cabral, Ernesto (2021-01-12). "Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia" [Retired military officers with extremist speeches link up with politicians to support the vacancy]. OjoPúblico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  58. ^ Pásara, Luis (1994). "El país imprevisible" [The unpredictable country] (PDF). Debate (in Spanish). XV (74). Apoyo Comunicaciones: 8. Retrieved 19 April 2025. Fujimori ni siquiera ha hecho un esfuerzo verosímil para dotarse de un partido propio. Cambio 90 o Nueva Mayoría no han adoptado el mínimo de ropaje organizativo para ser considerados como partidos y no como aglomerados de acompañamiento a su líder
  59. ^ "Acusan constitucionalmente a 7 congresistas y 8 ex parlamentarios del fujimorismo" [Seven congressmen and eight former Fujimorist parliamentarians are constitutionally accused]. Gestión (in Spanish). 15 June 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  60. ^ Salazar, Elizabeth (6 December 2021). "Autoridades electorales y fiscal José Domingo Pérez acosados por simpatizantes de Fuerza Popular" [Electoral authorities and prosecutor José Domingo Pérez harassed by Popular Force supporters]. Ojo Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  61. ^ Vásquez Benavente, Laura (23 June 2024). "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski culpa a Keiko Fujimori de la crisis política actual: "Fregó al Perú"" [Pedro Pablo Kuczynski blames Keiko Fujimori for the current political crisis: “She screwed Peru”]. Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  62. ^ Casimiro Ore, Diego (26 May 2025). "Malas noticias para Keiko Fujimori: Fuerza Popular es la bancada más ineficiente y corrupta, según encuesta de CPI" [Bad news for Keiko Fujimori: Popular Force is the most inefficient and corrupt bloc, according to CPI survey]. Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  63. ^ "Hablan las fichas de Naoichi y Mutsue" [Naoichi and Mutsue's records speak]. La República (in Spanish). 20 June 2001. Archived from the original on 17 January 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  64. ^ "Resultado de elecciones generales y de Parlamento Andino 2006" [Result of the 2006 general and Andean Parliament elections]. ONPE (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  65. ^ Life after dictatorship: authoritarian successor parties worldwide. Cambridge University Press. 2018. p. 120. doi:10.1017/9781108560566. ISBN 978-1-108-42667-1. Retrieved 29 September 2023. Alberto Fujimori abandoned three of his own parties (Change 90, New Majority, and Let's Go Neighbor) during his presidency (1990–2000). According to Keiko Fujimori, her father "didn't believe in parties. Like a good caudillo, he doesn't like to cede power. And to build a party organization, you have to cede power."
  66. ^ "Comité también resuelve expulsar a Kenji Fujimori de Fuerza Popular" [Committee also decides to expel Kenji Fujimori from Popular Force]. La República (in Spanish). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  67. ^ Kenji Fujimori anunció que formará ‘Cambio 21’, su nuevo partido político. Publicado el 20 de marzo de 2018. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2019.

Bibliography

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