Maslaha

For concept of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, see Istislah.

Maslaha or maslahah or maslahat (Arabic: مصلحة, lit. 'benefit, public interest') or maslaha mursala (Arabic: مصالح مرسلة, lit. '"sent", "transmitted", "unbonded", "open" or "unconditional" public interest'), comes from the term "Salihat" (good deeds, also linked to Islah and Istislah), is a concept in Sharia (Islamic divine law) regarded as a basis of law.^[1] It forms a part of extended methodological principles of Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and denotes prohibition or permission of something, according to necessity and particular circumstances, on the basis of whether it serves the public interest of the Muslim community (ummah).^[1][2] In principle, maslaha is invoked particularly for issues that are not regulated by the Qur'an, the sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), or qiyas (analogy). The concept is acknowledged and employed to varying degrees depending on the jurists and schools of Islamic jurisprudence (madhhab). The application of the concept has become more important in modern times because of its increasing relevance to contemporary legal issues.^[1] The opposite term of maslaha is mafsada (مفسدة, harm).^[3] Islamic politics is itself predicated on maslaha, and is such changeable, as it must respond to the exigencies of time.^[4][5] The term is different from bidah.^[6]

Etymology

In Quran

According to Mehmet Gormez, in a speech in 5th General Assembly organized in Istanbul by the International Union of Muslim Scholars, the verbal roots of words maslaha and mafsada both are mentioned together in Quran in chapter al-Baqarah's verse no 11, and also in verse 11:117 and 2:205 differently, where all refers towards equal meaining of maslaha and mafsada.^[7]

And when it is said to them, "Do not cause corruption (تُفۡسِدُوۡا, tufsidu) on the earth," they say, "We are but reformers (مُصۡلِحُوۡنَ, muslihun).

— Quran 2:11

And when he goes away, he strives throughout the land to cause corruption (لِیُفۡسِدَ, yufsidu) therein and destroy crops and animals. And Allah does not like corruption (ٱلۡفَسَادَ, al-fasad).

— Quran 2:205

And your Lord would not have destroyed the cities unjustly while their people were reformers (مُصْلِحُونَ, muslihun).

— Quran 11:117

In Hadith

A hadith is also used to be referred in case of maslaha and mafsada where Islamic prophet Muhammad said about neither doing harm nor being harmed.^[8]

Abu Sa’id al-Khudri reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Do not cause harm or return harm. Whoever harms others, Allah will harm him. Whoever is harsh with others, Allah will be harsh with him.”

— Source: al-Sunan al-Kubrá lil-Bayhaqī 11384, Grade: Hasan (fair) according to Al-Albani

Another hadith is used to determine the co-ordination between maslaha and mafsada is:^[9]

The Prophet (pbuh) said, "Leave me as I leave you, for the people who were before you were ruined because of their questions and their differences over their prophets. So, if I forbid you to do something, then keep away from it. And if I order you to do something, then do of it as much as you can."

— (bukhari:7288)

Muhammad forbade disobedience to prohibitions unless absolutely necessary, but he conditioned compliance to mandates on capacity. This shows that when obligations conflict, avoiding prohibitions takes precedence over performing them. When a substantial harm exceeds a gain, this adage is applicable. However, seeking the advantage is given priority if the harm is insignificant in comparison to the significant benefit that results from an activity.^[9]

Terminology

There are several other equivalent or analogous concepts in Uṣūl al-fiqh, some of each associated with respective maddhabs. The concept of maqasid (aim or purpose) is comparable in a sense that connotes both the ultimate objective and the goal of the application of the Sharia. The concept of istislah is a related subject, which is employed by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal.^[1] The meaning of maslaha is "public interest", and the meaning of istislah is "to seek the best public interest", the Sharia's object and purpose.^[10] The concept of istihsan means equitable preference for finding solutions to the legal issues. The term is used by the Hanafi school of law, and according to the understanding, the results of qiyas can be overridden when it is considered harmful or undesirable. The term was also used by the Hanbali scholar Ibn Qudamah and by the Maliki jurist Averroes. The Shafi'i school does not recognize the application of maslaha, as it may open the door to the unrestricted use based on fallible human opinions, but it has a corresponding concept, istidlal, which is induced when necessary to avoid the strict application of qiyas.^[1]

History

The concept was first clearly articulated by al-Ghazali (died 1111), who argued that maslaha was Allah's general purpose in revealing the divine law, and that its specific aims was preservation of five essentials of human well-being: religion, life, intellect, offspring, and property.^[11] Ghazali said in his book Al-Mustasfa that,

"The objectives and goals or maqasid of the Islamic Shariah are known from the Quran, Sunnah and Ijma', that which safeguards the five essentials is considered as maslahah and good, and that which harms the five essentials is considered as mafsada or evil and when two evils or harms come into conflict with each other, in such a way that one of them must be dealt with, then the aim and intention of the Shariah originator is to prevent the greater harm."^[12]

Although most classical-era jurists recognized maslaha as an important legal principle, they held different views regarding the role that it should play in Islamic law.^[13][14] Some jurists viewed it as auxiliary rationale constrained by scriptural sources and analogical reasoning.^[13][15] Others regarded the concept as an independent source of law, whose general principles could override specific inferences based on the letter of scripture.^[13][16] The latter view was held by a minority of classical jurists, but in modern times, it came to be championed in different forms by prominent scholars who sought to adapt Islamic law to changing social conditions by drawing on the intellectual heritage of traditional jurisprudence.^[13][17][18] Along with the analogous concept of maqasid, it has come to play an increasingly prominent role in modern time because of the need to confront legal issues that were unknown in the past.^{[1][13][18][14]} According to Ibn al-Qayyim, the measures taken to bring people closer to goodness (salaah) and keep them away from corruption (fasad), "Even if these matters are not permitted in the Quran or the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, policy and politics of Shariah is formed by the combination of all of these."^[19]

Usage

Maslaha was used in one sense by the Andalusian lawyer al-Shatibi (died 1388), who focused on the motivations behind the Islamic law. Regarding questions related to God, ibadat, humans should look to the Qur'an or the Sunnah for answers, but regarding the relationship between humans, mu'amalat, humans should look for the best public solution. Since societies change, al-Shatibi thought that the mu'amalat part of the Islamic law also needed to change.^[20]

Maslaha has also been used by several Muslim reformers in recent centuries. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (died 1792) used maslaha in a few cases.^{[citation needed]} The concept is more known to Islamic modernists. Among them, Muhammad Abduh is especially recognized for using the concept of maslaha as the basis for reconciling modern cultural values with the traditional moral code of Islamic law in the late 19th century.^{[citation needed]} The Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamic modernist group, also invokes maslaha to explain their commitment to public welfare.^{[citation needed]}

Examples

Primary

Rashidun caliphs

Abu Bakr

• canonized the Quran into one volume.
• fought against those who refused to pay Zakat and appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.^[19]

Umar ibn al-Khattab

• held officials accountable for misusing power and confiscated wealth.
• Punishments included pouring milk mixed with water
• suspending hadd for theft during famine
• approving the Companions' opinion of punishing groups for killing despite Quran's clear provisions.^[19]

Uthman ibn Affan

• distributed the authentic Quran and destroyed all other versions
• declared it permissible to inherit a woman whose husband had divorced her to deprive her of inheritance.^[19]

Ali ibn Abi Talib

• held artisans and merchants responsible for the loss of goods stored with them^[19]

Later rulers and jurists

• Hajjaj ibn Yusuf - Adding diacritical marks to the letters of Quranic texts for non-Arab readers.^[21]
• Malik bin Anas - gave fatwa for later rulers about not breaking and rebuilding Kaaba after Hajjaj ibn Yusuf following Abdullah ibn Zubayr to preserve Kaaba's honour.^[22]

Schools of law

Scholars support sanctions on ignorant doctors, muftis, and fraudsters to protect people, and Malikis approve arrests and punishment under tajir, even without evidence.^[19]

Some of the instances of maslahah in the Maliki doctrine:

• The Imam's office is validated by an oath of allegiance to the mafdul (inferior), preventing chaos.
• If the public treasury runs out of funds, the Imam may impose additional taxes on the wealthy to prevent corruption.
• If lawful living is inaccessible, Muslims can engage in unlawful occupations, but only to the extent necessary.^[19]

There is also:

• If the wali does not agree after the marriage without the consent of the wali, the husband becomes permanently forbidden.^[23]

Contemporary

• Not breaking Green Dome made by Qalawun, temporarily in spite of being against sahih hadith, in order to prevent fitna and chaos among muslims^[24]
• Get a medical checkup for sexually transmitted diseases before marriage.^[25]
• Vaccination for the performers of Hajj and Umrah^[26]

See also

• Public interest
• Istihlal
• Istishab
• Common good
• Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya fi Islah al-Ra'i wa al-Ra'iyya
• Mutaween
• Najm al-Din al-Tufi
• Bid'ah - new innovation in worship in Islam
• Moderation in Islam
• Ghulat
• Glossary of Islam
• Ikhtilaf
• Index of Islam-related articles
• Outline of Islam
• Uli al-amr
• Verse of Obedience
• Salat al-Istikharah

References

1. I. Doi, Abdul Rahman. (1995). "Mașlahah". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Abdul Aziz bin Sattam (2015). Sharia and the Concept of Benefit: The Use and Function of Maslaha in Islamic Jurisprudence. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781784530242.
3. Siddiqui, Sohaira (4 February 2018). Locating the Sharīʿa: Legal Fluidity in Theory, History and Practice. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-04-39171-0. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
4. Solomon, Hussein; Tausch, Arno (22 August 2019). Islamism, Crisis and Democratization: Implications of the World Values Survey for the Muslim World. Springer Nature. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-030-22849-1. Retrieved 21 August 2025.
5. Malekian, Farhad (30 September 2018). Corpus Juris of Islamic International Criminal Justice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-5275-1693-9. Retrieved 21 August 2025.
6. "Bid'ah (innovation) and maslahah mursalah (consideration of public interest); and the similarities and differences between them - Islam Question & Answer". Islam-QA. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
7. Gormez, Mehmet (20 June 2025). "বিশ্বায়নের যুগে মাসলাহাত প্রতিষ্ঠায় মুসলিম স্কলারদের ভূমিকা - রোয়াক" [The role of Muslim scholars in establishing Maslahat in the era of globalization - Rowak] (in Bengali). royakbd.com. Retrieved 22 August 2025.
8. Khaleefah, Sarah (6 December 2022). "Justice and Autonomy in Islamic Bioethics". Acta Cogitata: An Undergraduate Journal in Philosophy. 10 (1). Michigan State University. Retrieved 23 August 2025. In a hadith, the Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) states that "there is no harm or harming in Islam"...Through the commitment to foster justice through their negative and positive obligations, Muslims' sphere of autonomous self-determination is limited in order for individuals to consider the interest of the public, known as maslaha mursala, when making decisions.
9. Djafer, Abdelkader (20 October 2025). "Rulings on Harm and Its Rules in Islamic Fiqh". El-Wahat Journal for Research and Studies. 18 (1): 35. doi:10.54246/3g20ze22. ISSN 2588-1892. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
10. John L. Esposito (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199757268.
11. Opwis 2007, p. 65.
12. Elahi, Mohammad Manzoor; Zakaria, Abubakar Muhammad (2012). "ইসলামী শারীয়াহ্ এর উদ্দেশ্য ও লক্ষ্য : বর্তমান প্রেক্ষাপটে এর গুরুত্ব" [The Purpose and Objectives of Islamic Sharia: Its Importance in the Current Context]. islamcontent.com. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
13. Duderija 2014, pp. 2–6.
14. Gleave 2012.
15. Opwis 2007, pp. 66–68.
16. Opwis 2007, pp. 68–69.
17. Ziadeh 2009.
18. Brown 2009.
19. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2003). Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Texts Society. pp. 235–237. ISBN 978-0-946621-82-8. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
20. Knut S. Vikør (2005). Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195223989.
21. The Great Medieval Civilizations: 1963. Allen and Unwin for the International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind. 1975. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-04-900225-8. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
22. al-Ouda, Salman (13 July 2016). "For Allah's Sake, Don't Do It". About Islam. Retrieved 1 September 2025.
23. العجلان, فهد صالح (1 June 2022). المحرر في السياسة الشرعية (in Arabic). آفاق المعرفة للنشر. pp. 361–364. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
24. "History of the Green Dome in Madinah - Islam Question & Answer". Islam-QA. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
25. العجلان, فهد صالح (1 June 2022). المحرر في السياسة الشرعية (in Arabic). آفاق المعرفة للنشر. pp. 365–367. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
26. https://jurnal.istaz.ac.id/index.php/fikroh/article/download/1647/472/4609

Sources

• Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2009). "Maṣlaḥah". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017.
• Duderija, Adis (2014). Adis Duderija (ed.). Contemporary Muslim Reformist Thought and Maqāṣid cum Maṣlaḥa Approaches to Islamic Law: An Introduction. Vol. Maqasid al-Shari'a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination. Springer.
• Gleave, R.M. (2012). "Maḳāṣid al-Sharīʿa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8809.
• Opwis, Felicitas (2007). Abbas Amanat; Frank Griffel (eds.). Islamic Law and Legal Change: The Concept of Maslaha in Classical and Contemporary Legal Theory. Vol. Shari'a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context. Stanford University Press.
• Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009). "Uṣūl al-fiqh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135.

External links

• Maṣlaḥa in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory - JSTOR