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Apple A10

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A10 Fusion
General information
LaunchedSeptember 7, 2016
DiscontinuedMay 10, 2022
Designed byApple Inc.
Common manufacturer
Product codeAPL1W24
Max. CPU clock rateto 2.34 GHz[2]
Physical specifications
Transistors
  • 3.28 billion
Cores
  • 4 (2× Hurricane + 2× Zephyr)
GPUsCustom PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus (hexa-core, internal name - Apple G9)[3][4]
Cache
L1 cachePer core: 64 KB instruction + 64 KB data
L2 cache3 MB shared
L3 cache4 MB shared
Architecture and classification
ApplicationMobile
Technology node16 nm (TSMC 16FFC)
Microarchitecture"Hurricane" and "Zephyr"
Instruction setARMv8.1-A: A64, A32, T32
Products, models, variants
Variant
History
PredecessorsApple A9 (iPhone)
Apple A9X (iPad)
SuccessorApple A11 Bionic

The Apple A10 Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series, and manufactured by TSMC. It first appeared in the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus which were introduced on September 7, 2016,[5][6] and is also used in the seventh generation iPod Touch and the sixth and seventh generation iPad. The A10 is the first Apple-designed silicon to feature a quad-core central processing unit (CPU), and also the first to support heterogeneous computing via using two types of CPU cores based on different microarchitectures. They are referred to as high-performance and the energy-efficiency cores, with a pair of each type of core. Apple states that it has 40% greater CPU performance and 50% greater graphics performance compared to its predecessor, the Apple A9. The Apple T2 chip is based on the A10.[7] On May 10, 2022, the 7th generation iPod Touch was discontinued, ending production of A10 Fusion chips.[8]

iOS 15, released in 2021, was the last major software update for the iPhone 7/7 Plus and the iPod Touch (7th generation). iPadOS 18, released in 2024, was the last major software update for the iPad (7th generation), while iPadOS 17, released in 2023, was the last major software update for the iPad (6th generation).

Design

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The A10 (internally the T8010) is built on TSMC's 16 nm FinFET process[1][9] and contains 3.28 billion transistors on a die size of 125 mm2, (entire chip, including the GPU and caches).[10] It features an Apple-designed quad-core central processing unit (CPU) implementing the ARMv8-A instruction set architecture (ISA). The two high-performance cores are codenamed Hurricane, each taking up 4.18 mm2 of die space and is intended to handle performance-critical applications, such as a video game and video editing. It also features two energy-efficient 64-bit 1.05 GHz cores codenamed Zephyr, each taking up 0.78 mm2 of die space,[10][11] designed for less demanding tasks. The two types of cores are arranged in a configuration similar to ARM's big.LITTLE design.[12][13]

Unlike other contemporary big.LITTLE designs, such as the Exynos 8895 and Helio X20, that allows all CPU cores to be active simultaneously, on the A10 only one type of cores can be active at a time.[2][12] Thus, the A10 Fusion appears to software and benchmarks as a dual core chip. Apple claims that the high-performance cores are 40% faster than Apple's previous A9 processor and that the two high-efficiency cores consume 20% of the power of the high performance Hurricane cores;[14] they are used when performing simple tasks, such as checking email. A new performance controller decides in real-time which pair of cores should run for a given task in order to optimize for performance or battery life. The A10 has an L1 cache of 64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions, an L2 cache of 3 MB[15] shared by both cores, and a 4 MB[15] L3 cache that services the entire SoC.

The A10 chip introduced many modern hardware based security enhancements:[16]

  • Kernel integrity protection, which helps to prevent modifications of kernel and driver code via a physical protected memory region allocated by the memory controller.
  • Sealed Key Protection (SKP), where cryptographic keys are encrypted or "sealed" using hardware-backed identifiers and system software measurements
  • OS-bound keys support for Public Key Accelerator (PKA), generated using a combination of the device’s UID and the hash of the sepOS running on the device, conditions data access based on mode of operation.

The new 6-core @ 900 MHz GPU built into the A10 chip is 50% faster while consuming 66% of the power of its A9 predecessor. Further analysis has suggested that Apple has kept the PowerVR GT7600 used in Apple A9, but replaced portions of the GPU with its own proprietary designs.[3][17] These changes appear to be using lower half-precision floating-point numbers, allowing for higher-performance and lower power consumption.

Embedded in the A10 is the M10 motion coprocessor.[18] The A10 also includes a new image processor which Apple says has twice the throughput of the prior image processor.[19]

The A10 has video codec encoding support for HEVC and H.264. It has decoding support for HEVC, H.264, MPEG‑4 Part 2, and Motion JPEG.[20]

The A10 is packaged in a new InFO packaging from TSMC which reduces the height of the package. In the same package there are also four LPDDR4 RAM chips integrating 2 GB of RAM in the iPhone 7, the iPad 6th generation, and the iPod touch 7th generation, or 3 GB in the iPhone 7 Plus and the iPad 7th generation.

Products that include the Apple A10 Fusion

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Apple A10 SoC on iPhone 7 motherboard

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Apple iPhone 7 Teardown". techinsights.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  2. ^ a b Cunningham, Andrew (September 13, 2016). "iPhone 7 and 7 Plus review: Great annual upgrades with one major catch". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  3. ^ a b "iPhone 7 GPU breakdown". Wccftech. December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  4. ^ "Mysteries of Apple A10 GPU". PC World. December 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  5. ^ "Apple Debuts Three Custom Chips - EE Times". EETimes. Archived from the original on 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  6. ^ Smith, Ryan. "Apple Announces iPhone 7 & iPhone 7 Plus: A10 Fusion SoC, New Camera, Wide Color Gamut, Preorders Start Sept. 9th". Anandtech. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  7. ^ "Hackers claim they can now jailbreak Apple's T2 security chip". ZDNET. October 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  8. ^ "Apple discontinues iPod touch, ending 20 year run of iconic 'iPod' brand". 9to5Mac. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  9. ^ Smith, Ryan (September 16, 2016). "Early iPhone 7 Teardowns: Intel and Qualcom Modems, TSMC SoC, and 2 to 3 GB of RAM". Anandtech. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Apple A10 Fusion Are Bigger Than the Competition – Apple Designing Bigger Cores for Better Performance?". Oct 22, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  11. ^ Ray, Tiernan (October 21, 2016). "Apple's 'A10′ iPhone Chip Smokes the Competition, Says Linley Group". Tech Trader Daily. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016. The Linley Group notes Apple's "A10″ CPU cores, Hurricane and Zephyr, are quite a bit bigger than those of competing mobile chips.
  12. ^ a b "The Apple iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Review". AnandTech. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  13. ^ "Apple A10 Fusion". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  14. ^ Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (September 8, 2016). "A10 Fusion: The silicon powering Apple's new iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus: The A10 Fusion doesn't offer as big a jump in performance as last year's A9, but it's still an impressive piece of silicon". Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  15. ^ a b Sims, Gary (2 October 2017). "Why are Apple's chips faster than Qualcomm's? - Gary explains". Android Authority. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Apple Platform Security" (PDF). Apple Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  17. ^ Manion, Wayne (31 October 2016). "Real World Technologies dissects Apple's A10 GPU". TechReport.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  18. ^ "iPhone 7 - Technical Specifications". Apple. September 7, 2016. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  19. ^ Merritt, Rick (September 7, 2016). "Apple Debuts Three Custom Chips". EE Times. Retrieved October 25, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  20. ^ "iPhone 7 - Technical Specifications". support.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2021-10-24.