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Zuism

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𒀭
Zuism
الزوئية
A Zuist practitioner's altar dedicated to the Assyrian deity Pazuzu. The seals in the foreground at the centre of the altar are those of Humbaba below and Pazuzu himself above, drawn from the Simon Necronomicon, a grimoire of Mesopotamian magic written by the esoteric author Peter Levenda.
TypeNeopaganism
OrientationSumerian-Mesopotamian, Semitic-Canaanite religions
AssociationsFounding Church of Mardukite Zuism; Hungarian Zuist Church (Magyar Egyház); Icelandic Faith Fellowship of Zuism (Zuism trúfélag)
Origin1960s-1970s (Hungarian Zuism), 2008 (Mardukite Zuism), 2010s (Icelandic Zuism)
The Anunnaki Bible of Mardukite Zuism.

Zuism (Arabic: الزوئية al-Zuiyya; religious symbol: 𒀭), also known as Sumerian-Mesopotamian Neopaganism (Sumerian: 𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾𒌣 Anunna-Umun, "Knowledge of Heaven") and Semitic-Canaanite Neopaganism (Ugaritic: 𐎐𐎚𐎁𐎟𐎖𐎄𐎌 Natib Qadish, "Holy Way"), is a group of Neopagan new religious movements based upon ancient Sumerian-Mesopotamian and Semitic-Canaanite religions.[1] There are Zuist groups across the United States of America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East.[2]

The origins of Zuism lie among Hungarian Neopagans in the 1960s and 1970s, especially within the work of the Assyriologist Ferenc Badiny Jós (1909–2007), who founded a Hungarian Zuist Church and was the author of the Magyar Bible of the Sumerian tradition.[3] Mesopotamian Neopaganism was also cultivated by the American esoteric author Joshua Free, who made his doctrines public from 2008 onwards under the denomination of "Mardukite Zuism".[4][5] In Iceland, a local Zuist organisation, the Zuism trúfélag, officially recognised by the state between 2013 and 2025, was used to bypass the local tax on religious organisations and protest against the bonds between religion and the state.[6]

Etymology

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The noun "Zuism" is derived from the Sumerian verb zu 𒍪 (idû in Akkadian), that means "to know", "to understand".[7] "Zuism", therefore, means "Way of Knowledge",[8] and the word was used for the first time by the American esotericist Joshua Free in the mid-2000s.[5] The term is a semantic parallel of the Greek gnosis.[8]

The movement is also known under the names of "Kaldanism", that is to say "Way of Chaldea" (a late name for Sumer),[8] "Sumerian-Mesopotamian/Semitic-Canaanite Reconstructionism",[8] Anunna-Umun 𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾𒌣, that is to say "Knowledge of Heaven" in Sumerian, or Ntb Qdš (vocalised as Natib Qadish) 𐎐𐎚𐎁𐎟𐎖𐎄𐎌, that is to say "Holy Way" in Ugaritic, the language which was spoken in the ancient Canaanite city-state of Ugarit.[9]

Types of Zuism

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Hungarian Zuism

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The grave (942/2-1-105) of Ferenc Badiny Jós at the Farkasrét Cemetery in Budapest, Hungary. Carven onto the tombstone is the symbol of the Hungarian Zuist Church.

The earliest organised Zuist movement was established by the Hungarian Assyriologist Ferenc Badiny Jós (1909–2007), together with the historian Ida Bobula (1900–1981)[10] and other authors, among whom Tibor Baráth, Victor Padányi, and András Zakar,[11] between the 1960s and the 1970s, among those Neopagans in Hungary who sought to relate the origins of the Hungarians to the ancient Sumerians, especially based on the shared, common features of the Hungarian and Sumerian languages, notably agglutination.[10]

Ferenc Badiny Jós, who emigrated to Buenos Aires, in Argentina, founded a "Hungarian Church" (Magyar Egyház) following the Sumerian tradition, the legacy of which continues to this day among Zuists (Sumerian Neopagans) in Hungary.[12] An important bequest of Badiny Jós is his Magyar Bible of the Sumerian tradition.[13]

Mardukite Zuism

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Altar belonging to a Canadian practitioner of Mardukite Zuism. On the cover of the Book of Marduk, there is a Zuist version of the merkabah (chariot) , the means of connection with the seven Anunnaki and the supreme trinity (An, Enlil, Enki).[14]

Mardukite Zuism is a Zuist doctrine established by the American esoteric author Joshua Free in 2008 and incorporated by the "Founding Church of Mardukite Zuism".[4][5][15] Mardukite Zuism harkens back to the later Akkadian Assyro-Babylonian tradition, rather than the earlier Sumerian tradition.[4]

Their religious books comprise the Anunnaki Bible and other texts of the "New Standard Zuist Edition", The Power of Zu, the Zuist Necronomicon, and the numerous other writings about theory and practice by the same author, Joshua Free. The latter defines Zuism as a "systemology" and "spiritual technology" for the realisation of oneself, that is to say the reunification of the self with God, and, beside "knowledge" and "understanding", he also gives to the concept of zu the meanings of "consciousness" and "awareness", and interprets it as the radiant energy that permeates all living beings.[16]

Iraqi Zuism

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Private altar dedicated to Gudea and other divine figures, by a Zuist practitioner from Nasiriyah, Iraq.

The Russian Assyriologist V. V. Yemelyanov documented the rise of a Zuist Neopaganism in Iraq at the beginning of the 2010s, with the dissemination of prayers to the Mesopotamian gods in the Arabic language.[17]

Canaanite Zuism

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Canaanite reconstructionist Zuism is a small community in contemporary Israel. It has antecedents in the cultural and literary movement of Canaanism among the Jews of British Palestine during the 1940s, in particular within the work of Yonatan Ratosh (1908–1981), who was born under the name of Uriel Helpern in Warsaw, Poland.[18]

The Israeli adherent Elad Aaron formulated a cultural ideology for the political rediscovery of the ancient Canaanite pandeistic religion called "Re-Zionist [Shni-Tzioni] New Canaanism".[19] Canaanite Zuism is also known as Natib Qadish, an expression in the Ugaritic language first used by the American practitioner Tess Dawson at the beginning of the 2000s.[20] The followers of this denomination are called Qadish in the singular and Qadishuma in the plural, and the priests, male and female, are called respectively kahin and kahinat.[9]

Icelandic Zuism

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The "Faith Fellowship of Zuism" (Zuism trúfélag) of the Sumerian tradition was established in Iceland in 2010 by Ólafur Helgi Þorgrímsson (who left it shortly afterwards) and the two brothers Ágúst Arnar and Einar Ágústsson, originally as a branch of a mother church located in the state of Delaware, in the United States, and was registered by the Icelandic state in 2013.[21] In Iceland, all citizens, on a yearly basis and regardless of whether they are believers or not, have to pay a tax on religion, the sóknargjald, which is then allocated by the government to religious organisations in proportion to the number of their followers.[22] In 2015, some people, disapproving of such a system, and under the leadership of Ísak Andri Ólafsson, took control of the Zuist organisation with the aim of using it as a tool for tax resistance: in their plan, the portion of the religion tax allocated to the movement by the government was to be redistributed to each of the followers, who would thus find a way to bypass the system.[6]

The Zuism trúfélag of Ísak Andri Ólafsson intended to fight against not only the imposition of the religion tax, but also the maintenance of the Icelandic national registry of the citizens' religious affiliations.[6] Such a protest was part of a broader movement within the Icelandic population in those years asking for a complete separation of church and state, to such an extent that even some well-known politicians, such as Birgitta Jónsdóttir, joined the organisation.[23] Given that the Zuism trúfélag was used for clearly stated tax purposes and not for religious reasons, some Icelandic elected officials requested its removal from Iceland's national registry of recognised religions.[24] Nevertheless, a spokesperson of the Zuism trúfélag answered to such a request by claiming that one can neither precisely define the religious nature of an organisation nor measure the sincerity of the religious belief of people.[25]

As of 1 January 2015, the Zuism trúfélag had only four registered adherents, but their number grew very rapidly over a few weeks at the end of 2015, reaching 3,000 to 3,500 followers, or 1% of the Icelandic population in 2015–2016.[26] The majority of the followers were young, connected to the Internet, and already disaffiliated from Christianity (then Iceland's major religion).[27] In 2020 the leaders of the organisation, by then once again the Ágústsson brothers, were accused of tax fraud and embezzlement;[28] they were later acquitted of all charges in 2022,[29] but were indicted again and convicted in 2025.[30]

  • Logos of the Icelandic Zuism trúfélag over the years
  • 2010–2015
    2010–2015
  • 2015–2017
    2015–2017
  • 2017–2025
    2017–2025

References

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  1. ^ Bromley 2018; Nash 2020, p. 51; Güler 2024, p. 464.
  2. ^ Feraro 2014; Feraro 2016.
  3. ^ Badiny Jós 1985; Kovács 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Nash 2020, p. 66.
  5. ^ a b c Documents from the Mardukite Academy of Systemology and Founding Church of Mardukite Zuism:
    • Free, Joshua (2 July 2020). "Deep Roots of Modern Mesopotamian Neopaganism; Origins of Mardukite Zuism from 2008 Publications". Archived from the original on 12 November 2020.
    • Free, Joshua (12 August 2020). "Anunnaki Bible New Standard Zuist Edition Sets 'New Standard' for Future of Mesopotamian Neopaganism". Archived from the original on 23 September 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Bromley 2018; Nash 2020, pp. 56–59.
  7. ^ Nash 2020, p. 52; Wolfe 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Nash 2020, p. 52.
  9. ^ a b Dawson 2009.
  10. ^ a b Kolozsi 2012, p. 50-53.
  11. ^ Szilárdi 2013, pp. 232–234.
  12. ^ Kovács 2019.
  13. ^ Badiny Jós 1985.
  14. ^ Free, Joshua (3 July 2014). "Babylon, Gateway of the Gods: Energy Signatures, Mardukite Sigils, Anunnaki Signs & Glyphs". Mardukite Academy of Systemology. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020.
  15. ^ Free & Kaos 2019.
  16. ^ Free & Kaos 2019; Free & Penn 2020.
  17. ^ Yemelyanov, V.V. (12 November 2012). "Изучая шумеро-аккадские тексты, становишься и сам немного шумером" [By studying Sumerian-Akkadian texts, you become a little Sumerian yourself]. Polit.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 December 2020.
  18. ^ Feraro 2016, p. 68.
  19. ^ Feraro 2016, p. 73.
  20. ^ Feraro 2016, p. 60.
  21. ^ Bromley 2018; Nash 2020, pp. 53–55.
  22. ^ Nash 2020, p. 56.
  23. ^ Nash 2020, pp. 56–59.
  24. ^ Nash 2020, p. 58.
  25. ^ "Les Islandais «prient» d'anciens dieux pour payer moins d'impôts (et ça marche)" [Icelanders "pray" to ancient gods to pay less tax (and it works)]. 20 minutes (in French). 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015.
  26. ^ Bromley 2018; Nash 2020, p. 54.
  27. ^ Boldyreva & Grishina 2017.
  28. ^ Nash 2020, pp. 62–64.
  29. ^ Kjartan Kjartansson (8 April 2022). "Óljóst hvað verður um sóknargjöld Zuism". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 26 June 2022.
  30. ^ Kjartan Kjartansson (12 March 2025). "Fangelsisdómar Zúistabræðra staðfestir". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 9 April 2025.

Bibliography

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Zuist literature

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Mardukite Zuist altar with some books of the movement: the French edition of the tomes of the Mardukite Necronomicon, and Babylonian Magick, written by Joshua Free.
Hungarian Zuist tradition
  • Badiny Jós, Ferenc (1985). Magyar Biblia (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018.
Mardukite Zuist tradition
  • Free, Joshua; Kaos, Kyra (2019). Mardukite Zuism: A Brief Introduction (PDF). ISBN 978-1671768604. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2020.
  • Free, Joshua (2020). Anunnaki Bible: The Cuneiform Scriptures (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-0578733555.
  • Free, Joshua (2022). Anunnaki Rites: The Maqlu Ritual Book (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 979-8986437934.
  • Free, Joshua (2022). Anunnaki Gods: The Sumerian Religion (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 979-8986437941.
  • Free, Joshua (2023). Anunnaki History: The Magic of Babylon (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509016.
  • Free, Joshua (2023). Anunnaki Origins: The Epic of Creation (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509023.
  • Free, Joshua (2023). What Is Mardukite Zuism?: The Power of Zu (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509030.
  • Free, Joshua (2024). Anunnaki Prayers: The Cuneiform Almanac (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509443.
  • Free, Joshua (2025). Anunnaki Wisdom: The Tablet of Destinies (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509658.
  • Free, Joshua; Kaos, Kyra (2025). Anunnaki Priestess: Inside a Babylonian Temple (New Standard Zuist Edition). ISBN 978-1961509672.
  • Free, Joshua; Penn, Reed (2020). The Power of Zu: Keys to Increasing Control of the Radiant Energy in Everyday Life. ISBN 979-8600414068.
  • Free, Joshua; Penn, Reed (2023). Mardukite Zuism (The Power of Zu): Academy Lectures. ISBN 978-1961509047.
Necronomicon Gate-Walking Zuist tradition
Canaanite Zuist tradition
  • Dawson, Tess (2009). Whisper of Stone: Natib Qadish: Modern Canaanite Religion. Moon Books. ISBN 978-1846941900.

Academic studies

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See also

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