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For Malaysia at the worldwide Olympic Games, see Malaysia at the Olympics.

Sukma Games
Sukma Games logo
First event1986 Sukma Games in Kuala Lumpur
Occur everyTwo years
Last event2024 Sukma Games in Sarawak
Next event2026 Sukma Games in Selangor
PurposeMulti-sport event for states in Malaysia
WebsiteNational Sports Council of Malaysia

The Sukma Games (Malay: Sukan Malaysia, lit. 'Malaysian Games') is a biennial national multi-sport event involving young athletes from Malaysia's 13 states and 3 Federal Territories. The games are regulated by the National Sports Council of Malaysia, the state sports council of the respective member states, the Olympic Council of Malaysia and the National Sports association of the games respective sporting event. The logo was designed by Anuar bin Dan in 1986. In late March 2010, it was reported that after 24 years of being a biennial event, the Sukma Games may be held annually, starting 2011. However, the frequency of the event did not change.[1][2][3]

History

[edit]

Event proposal and conceptualisation (1983–1985)

[edit]

The Sukma Games was first proposed by Anwar Ibrahim and conceived in 1986 by the National Sports Council of Malaysia under the leadership of sports minister Najib Razak as their commitment to the promotion and development of the Malaysian junior talent in sports.[4]

Initial proposed events for the inaugural games included six sports like Athletics, Cycling, Table Tennis, Tennis, Sepak Takraw and Volleyball. The event number overtime increased to 21, when the event was announced in 1985, following inflow of ideas from members of the public, although this was eventually decreased following criticism about the objectives and budget (about 5 million ringgit at the time).

Implementation and debut (1986–1988)

[edit]

The first Games held from 19 to 26 April 1986 featured 123 events in 16 sports, with participation of about 4,500 athletes from 16 teams representing Malaysia's 13 states, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Police and Armed Forces. As the inaugural host, Kuala Lumpur emerged as overall champions with 36 golds. Most of the events were held within Kuala Lumpur City Proper, while some others were scattered across neighbouring towns in the Klang Valley like Subang Jaya and Serdang.

Kuala Lumpur was picked as the host again in 1988, with about 4,100 athletes participating. Although the number of sport and teams remained the same, there were 10 more events than the previous edition. In this edition, the team from neighbouring Selangor dethroned Kuala Lumpur and emerged as the new overall champion with 26 gold medals. The Games, regarded as a rehearsal for the 1989 SEA Games, was held from 12 until 19 November, although several events like Football and Sepak Takraw began as early as 9 and 10 November respectively.[5][6]

Participating teams

[edit]

[7]

Entity Sports Council
Brunei 1 Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council
Federal Territories 2 Federal Territories Sports Council
Johor Johor State Sports Council
Kedah Kedah State Sports Council
Kelantan Kelantan State Sports Council
Malacca Malacca State Sports Council
Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan State Sports Council
Pahang Pahang State Sports Council
Penang Penang State Sports Council
Perak Perak State Sports Council
Perlis Perlis State Sports Council
Sabah Sabah State Sports Council
Sarawak Sarawak State Sports Council
Selangor Selangor State Sports Council
Terengganu Terengganu State Sports Council
Kuala Lumpur 2 Federal Territories Sports Council
Labuan 2 Federal Territories Sports Council

Notes:

  1. ^ Not from within Malaysia, only invited to compete at the Sukma Games.
  2. ^ Kuala Lumpur and Labuan participate as a combined Federal Territories team since 2006 Sukma Games, but are still competing separately at the Para Sukma Games.

Former participating teams

[edit]
Entity Sports Council
Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM/MAF) Malaysian Armed Forces Sports Council
Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education Malaysian University Sports Council (MASUM)
Malaysia Ministry of Education Malaysian School Sports Council (MSSM)
Northern Territory 1 Northern Territory Sports Academy
Malaysia Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM/RMP) Royal Malaysian Police Sports Council

Notes:

  1. ^ Not from within Malaysia. Sports Council known as Northern Territory Institute of Sport from 1996 until 2021.

Sports

[edit]

The list below shows the sports that are played at all the Sukma Games since 1986.[8][9]

Core sports

[edit]

Optional sports

[edit]

Sports by number of events

[edit]
Sport (Discipline) Body
World
(Malaysia) 		11 12 13 14 16 18 22 24 26
 
Artistic swimming WAquatics
(MAS) 		7
Diving 10 10 10 10 5 12 12
Swimming 38 38 38 38 38 41 41
Water polo 2 2 2
Archery WArchery
(NAAM) 		24 24 24 24 14 14 14
Athletics WAthletics
(MAF) 		45 45 45 45 44 47 47
Badminton BWF
(BAM) 		7 7 7 7 5 6 7
3x3 Basketball FIBA
(MABA) 		2 2 2 2
Basketball 2 1 2 2 2 2
Bodybuilding IFBB
(MBBF) 		6 6
Bowling IBF
(MTBC) 		11 13 11 11 11 11 11
Boxing IBA/
World Boxing
(Disputed)
(MBF) 		9 9 9 9 12 15 11
Canoeing (sprint) ICF
(MASCA) 		18 22 22
Canoeing (slalom) 9
Traditional boat race IDBF
(MDBF) 		2
Chess FIDE
(MCF) 		10 12
Cricket ICC
(MCA) 		1 1 3 3
BMX UCI
(MNCF) 		2 2 2 2 2 2 4
Mountain biking 4 4 4 4 4 5 4
Road cycling 12 14 14 6 8 8 10
Track cycling 16 12 16 10
Equestrian (Dressage) FEI
(EAM) 		2 2
Equestrian (Jumping) 2 2
Equestrian (Endurance) 2
E-sports GEF
(MESF) 		5 7 13
Fencing FIE
(MFF) 		12 12 12 12
Field hockey FIH
(MHC) 		2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Football FIFA
(FAM) 		1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Futsal 2 2 2 1 2
Beach Football 1
Golf IGF
(MGA) 		4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Artistic World Gymnastics
(MGF) 		14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Rhythmic 6 9 5 5 7 7 3
Handball IHF
(MAHF) 		2 2 2
Judo IJF
(MJF) 		16 15 16 18 13
Kabaddi IKF
(KAM) 		2 1 • 2 2
Karate WKF
(MAKAF) 		16 16 18 16 17 15
Lawn bowls WBowls
(MLBF) 		8 8 9 9 9 9
Muay thai IFMA
(MMA) 		15 16 18 12
Netball WNetball
(MNA) 		1 1 1 1 1
Pencak silat IPSF
(PESAKA) 		26 26 26 26 28 28
Pétanque FIPJP
(MBSF) 		11 11 11 11 11 13 7
Rowing WRowing
(PERDAMA) 		9
Rugby sevens WRugby
(MRU) 		1 1 2 2 2 2
Sailing WSailing
(MSA) 		13 12 13 14 14 10
Sepak takraw ISTAF
(PSM) 		6 6 6 8 5 8 8
Shooting ISSF
(NSAM) 		26 26 26 26 26 24 27
Silambam WSA
(MSA) 		17 • 14 14
Softball WBSC
(SAM) 		2 2 2 2
Squash World Squash
(SRAM) 		4 7 4 5 6 4
Table tennis ITTF
(TTAM) 		7 6 7
Taekwondo WTaekwondo
(MTF) 		16 19 19 25 16
Tennis ITF
(LTAM) 		6 7 7 5 6 7
Volleyball (indoor) FIVB
(MAVA) 		2 2 2 2 2 2
Volleyball (beach) 2 2 2 2
Weightlifting IWeightliftingF
(MWF) 		32 32 32 32 16 16 16
Wushu IWUF
(WFM) 		20 20 20 23 23 28 20
Total events 129 130 389 382 427 426 488 468

Medal table by edition

[edit]

1986 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation ( Kuala Lumpur)

1986 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Malaysia Kuala Lumpur*36322290
2 Selangor23141451
3 Sarawak1381435
4 Perak10151742
5 Penang9202150
6 Sabah98825
7 Police94720
8 Johor65617
9 Kedah551121
10 Armed Forces281121
11 Malacca2158
12 Terengganu2147
13 Pahang14611
14 Negeri Sembilan0145
15 Kelantan0112
16 Perlis0011
Totals (16 entries)127127152406
Source: [11]

1988 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation ( Kuala Lumpur)

1988 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Selangor26172972
2 Sarawak24181557
3 Penang19141548
4Malaysia Kuala Lumpur*12122246
5 Negeri Sembilan106521
6 Johor93921
7 Kedah66820
8 Police63514
9 Malacca57416
10 Sabah412824
11Malaysia Universities44816
12 Perak3202144
13 Terengganu2248
14 Kelantan13711
15 Pahang1157
16 Perlis1056
17 Armed Forces0112
Totals (17 entries)133129171433

1990 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Sarawak)

1990 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Sarawak*44171879
2 Kuala Lumpur19201857
3 Penang17222463
4 Perak12162250
5 Selangor11183463
6 Negeri Sembilan74415
7 Sabah541019
8 Malacca46616
9 Police44210
 Terengganu44210
11 Kedah27615
12 Johor251219
13 Kelantan2237
14 Perlis1078
15 Pahang0257
16Malaysia Universities0213
17 Armed Forces0123
Totals (17 entries)134134176444

1992 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Johor)

1992 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Sarawak36272689
2 Johor*26212269
3 Selangor23254189
4 Penang22282272
5 Kuala Lumpur22233277
6 Perak18102149
7 Sabah9161338
8 Malacca761225
9 Kedah67821
10 Negeri Sembilan65314
11 Armed Forces551828
12 Pahang55818
13Malaysia Universities45211
14 Kelantan391224
15 Terengganu341017
16 Police2158
17 Perlis2002
Totals (17 entries)199197255651

1994 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Perak)

1994 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Sarawak39283097
2 Kuala Lumpur31392696
3 Selangor284133102
4 Perak*26262577
5 Pahang21162057
6 Sabah19141447
7 Johor17132252
8 Penang13122449
9 Kedah852033
10 Kelantan661022
11 Armed Forces512724
12 Terengganu53715
13 Negeri Sembilan42410
14 Malacca411015
15 Police38213
16 Perlis1089
17Malaysia Universities0213
Totals (17 entries)230228263721

1996 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Pahang*)

1996 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Selangor574344144
2 Sarawak564952157
3 Pahang**374244123
4 Kuala Lumpur34273293
5 Perak22252875
6 Sabah20192261
7 Terengganu8161539
8 Kelantan8111130
9 Kedah861832
10 Negeri Sembilan641020
11 Penang5101025
12 Malacca591125
13Malaysia Universities4004
14 Johor271726
15 Perlis2248
16 Police13812
17 Brunei1102
18Malaysia Schools1023
19 Labuan0000
Totals (19 entries)277274328879

1998 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Selangor)

1998 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Selangor*806141182
2 Sarawak464541132
3 Perak25253787
4 Kuala Lumpur23252674
5 Pahang21293686
6 Penang1252340
7 Terengganu11141540
8 Sabah11101233
9 Kelantan1191030
10 Kedah8131536
11 Johor771630
12 Negeri Sembilan481325
13 Malacca481123
14 Perlis1236
15 Labuan0022
Malaysia Schools0022
Totals (16 entries)264261303828

2000 Sukma Games

[edit]

  *   Host nation (Host state (Penang))

2000 Sukma Games medal table
RankStateGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Selangor535654163
2 Sarawak495556160
3 Perak463740123
4 Penang*34263696
5 Kuala Lumpur33323095
6 Pahang27263588
7 Johor20173168
8 Kedah17152153
9 Sabah12111841
10 Negeri Sembilan12101335
11 Kelantan8121535
12 Malacca7101431
13 Terengganu64818
14 Perlis45514
15Malaysia Universities3328
16Malaysia Schools1135
17 Brunei0134
Police0134
19 Labuan0000
Totals (19 entries)3323223871,041

List of SUKMA Editions

[edit]
Host cities of the games through 2018[12][13][14]
Edition Year Host Main Stadium Start Date End Date Opened by Sports Events Teams Competitors Top state
I 1986 Kuala Lumpur Stadium Merdeka 19 April 26 April Sultan Abdul Halim[15] 16 123 16 3849 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
II 1988 12 November 19 November Sports Minister Najib Razak[16] 17 133 17 4214 SelangorSelangor
III 1990 Sarawak Sarawak State Stadium, Kuching 18 July 27 July 15 134 17 2849 Sarawak Sarawak
IV 1992 Johor Tan Sri Dato Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium, Johor Bahru 1 July 11 July 22 199 17 5206 Sarawak Sarawak
V 1994 Perak Perak Stadium, Ipoh 9 June 18 June 24 264 17 3956 Sarawak Sarawak
VI 1996 Pahang Darul Makmur Stadium, Kuantan 1 June 10 June 25 277 19 5206 Selangor Selangor
VII 1998 Selangor Opening ceremony
Shah Alam Stadium
Closing ceremony
Malawati Indoor Stadium		 17 April 26 April 24 264 16 3956 Selangor Selangor
VIII 2000 Penang Batu Kawan Stadium, Batu Kawan 25 May 4 June 29 332 19 5875 Selangor Selangor[17]
IX 2002 Sabah Likas Stadium, Kota Kinabalu 7 September 14 September 27 347 20 5324 Selangor Selangor
X 2004 Negeri Sembilan Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium, Seremban 29 May 6 June 30 17 6000 Selangor Selangor
XI 2006 Kedah Darul Aman Stadium, Alor Star 28 May 4 June 26 349 16 4882 Selangor Selangor
XII 2008 Terengganu Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium, Kuala Terengganu 31 May 9 June 31 404 15 6000 Terengganu Terengganu
XIII 2010 Malacca Hang Jebat Stadium, Paya Rumput 10 June 19 June 33 418 15 7000 Terengganu Terengganu
XIV 2011 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur KLFA Stadium, Kuala Lumpur 2 June 12 June 24 129 14 3368 Terengganu Terengganu
XV 2012 Pahang Darul Makmur Stadium, Kuantan 9 July 16 July 24 393 15 5828 Terengganu Terengganu
XVI 2013 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur NSC Mini Stadium, KL Sports City, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 28 June 7 July 23 130 14 3618 Selangor Selangor
XVII 2014 Perlis Tuanku Syed Putra Stadium, Kangar 24 May 4 June 24 389 15 7815 Federal Territories of Malaysia Federal Territory
XVIII 2016 Sarawak Sarawak Stadium, Kuching 23 July 31 July 24 382 15 5670 Selangor Selangor
XIX 2018 Perak[18] Perak Stadium, Ipoh 11 September 22 September 29 427 15 7464 Terengganu Terengganu
XX 2022 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Dataran Gemilang, UKM, Bangi 16 September 24 September 31 426 15 6606 Johor Johor
XXI 2024 Sarawak Opening ceremony
Sarawak Stadium, Kuching
Closing ceremony
Unity Stadium, Kuching		 17 August 24 August 37 488 15 9927 Sarawak Sarawak
XXII 2026 Selangor Opening ceremony
Independence Square, Shah Alam
Closing ceremony
MBPJ Stadium, Petaling Jaya
XXIII 2028 Kelantan Bukit Merbau Stadium, Pasir Puteh (expected) Future event
XXIV 2030 MSN Future event
XXV 2032 Sabah Likas Stadium, Kota Kinabalu (expected) Future event
XXVI 2034 MSN Future event

List of the Sukma Games' Sportsman and Sportswoman

[edit]

[19][20]

Edition Year Sukma Games' Sportsman Sukma Games' Sportswoman
Name Contingent Sport Name Contingent Sport
III 1990 Gerard Liew Penang Swimming Tania Hamid Bugo Sarawak Swimming
IV 1992 Khoo Kah Hock Malaysia MASUM Archery Magdaline Goh Penang Swimming
Azmi Ibrahim
(Most Promising Sportsman)		 Pahang Athletics Shalin Zulkifli
(Most Promising Sportswoman)		 Selangor Bowling
V 1994 Azmi Ibrahim Pahang Athletics Yew Chai Peng Perak Athletics
VII 1998 Chai Song Lip Sarawak Athletics Ho Hsu Ee Kuala Lumpur Swimming
VIII 2000 Allen Ong Perak Swimming Sia Wai Yen Kuala Lumpur Swimming
IX 2002 Ng Shu Mun Perak Artistic gymnastics Ngew Sin Mei Kuala Lumpur Athletics
Petra Nabila Mustafa
(Most Promising Sportswoman)		 Negeri Sembilan Athletics
X 2004 Daniel Bego Sarawak Swimming Cindy Ong Perak Swimming
XI 2006 Zulkifli Che Rose Sarawak Weightlifting Lew Yih Wey Negeri Sembilan Swimming
XII 2008 Foo Jian Beng Selangor Swimming Marellyn Liew Sabah Swimming
XIII 2010 J. Karthik Malacca Athletics Chan Kah Yan Federal Territory Swimming
XIV 2011 Ahmad Shafie Abd Jabar Johor Canoeing Jupha Somnet Perlis Cycling
XV 2012 Abdul Mubin Rahim Terengganu Weightlifting Frenceay Titus Sabah Weightlifting
XVI 2013 Danniel Iskandar Richard Selangor Artistic gymnastics Esmelda Arecia Menti Alfred Geling Sarawak Artistic gymnastics
XVII 2014 Muhammad Irfan Shamshuddin Negeri Sembilan Athletics Jelinie Empera Sarawak Weightlifting
XVIII 2016 Khairul Hafiz Jantan Malacca Athletics Nur Aqilah Yusof Terengganu Archery
XIX 2018 Eugenius Lo Foh Soon Sabah Archery Azreen Nabila Alias Terengganu Athletics
XX 2022 Muhammad Fakhrullah Rumaize Johor Canoeing Tan Rouxin Johor Swimming
XXI 2024 Andrew Goh Zheng Yen Selangor Swimming Gan Chen Jie Negeri Sembilan Shooting
XXII 2026 Cheah Zen Hong Pahang Shooting Eliza Tan Ai Shen Selangor Swimming

Para Sukma Games

[edit]

Para Sukma Games (Malay: Para Sukan Malaysia), is a multi-sport event held for Malaysian athletes with disabilities.[21][22] The games were previously known as the National Games of Malaysia For the Orthopaedically Handicapped (Malay: Sukan Kebangsaan Bagi Orang Cacat Anggota Malaysia) from 1982 until 1998 and the Paralimpiad Malaysia Games (Malay: Sukan Paralimpiad Malaysia) from 1998 until 2018 and held separately from the Sukma Games until 2010.[23][24]

Outside Malaysia

[edit]

In the 1990 to 1996 editions, several Southeast Asian countries also participated in the games. In the 2002 edition, several other Asian countries participated in the games.

Host cities of the games through 2018[25][26][27]

Editions

[edit]
Games Year Host state Sports Contingent Participants Top state
National Games of Malaysia For the Orthopaedically Handicapped
I 1982 Kuala Lumpur 2 14 550
II 1984 Selangor 2 14 650
III 1986 Penang 2 14 750
IV 1988 Kelantan 2 15 828
V 1990 Malacca 2 17 853
VI 1992 Terengganu 2 17 980
VII 1994 Johor 2 15 1200 Sarawak
VII 1996 Sarawak 2 18 978 Sarawak
Paralimpiad Malaysia Games
IX 1998 Selangor 10 14 877 Sarawak
X 2000 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 17 23 1239 Sarawak
XI 2002 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 16 23 937 Sarawak
XII 2004 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 20 15 1081 Sarawak
XIII 2006 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 16 15 1203 Sarawak
XIV 2008 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 16 15 1910 Sarawak
XV 2010 Malacca 16 15 1368 Sarawak
XVI 2012 Pahang 17 15 1900 Sarawak
XVII 2014 Perlis 9 15 Sarawak
XVIII 2016 Sarawak 9 15 1500+[28][29] Sarawak
PARA SUKMA Games
XIX 2018 Perak 10 15 1968 Sarawak
XX 2022 Federal Territories of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 10 15 1824 Sabah
XXI 2024 Sarawak 10 15 1994 Sarawak

List of the Para SUKMA Games Sportsman and Sportswoman

[edit]
Edition Year Para Sukma Games' Sportsman Para Sukma Games' Sportswoman
Name Contingent Sport Name Contingent Sport
XVIII[30] 2016 Yoong Chung Wei Penang Para swimming Carmen Lim Selangor Para swimming
XIX[31] 2018 Jaklon Anak Ganding Sabah Para athletics Nur Feiqha Maulad Binti Mohd Halil Negeri Sembilan Chess
XX[32] 2022 Mohammad Zikri Zakaria Malacca Para athletics Nur Jannaton Abdul Jalil Perak Para archery
XXI 2024 Shahafiq Abdullah Sabah Para swimming Loh Chi Hui Pahang Para archery

Sopma Games

[edit]

Sopma Games, officially the Malaysia Deaf Games (Malay: Sukan Orang Pekak Malaysia), is a national multi-sports event held biennially for deaf and hard-of-hearing athletes. Organised by the Malaysian Deaf Sports Association (MSDeaf), the games first started in 1985 to promote sportsmanship and unearth athletic talent among the deaf community. Initially an annual event held from 1985 to 1989 called the Inter-club Deaf Sports Championship (Malay: Kejohanan Sukan Antara Kelab Pekak, KSAKP), it transformed into a biennial event called the National Deaf Games (Malay: Sukan Kebangsaan Orang Pekak, SKOP) from 1991 to 2006, before it became known by its present name since 2009. Since 2016, the Sopma Games has always been held at the same venue as the Sukma and Para Sukma Games.[33]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sukan Malaysia (SUKMA)" (in Malay). National Sports Council of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  2. ^ "Sukma mungkin diadakan setiap tahun mulai 2011". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  3. ^ "Sukma Games may be held anually [sic], starting 2011". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Include foreign fare in Malaysia Games". New Straits Times. 14 May 2000.
  5. ^ "4,070 for the Games". New Straits Times. 10 November 1988. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  6. ^ "Angry Najib Lashes out". New Straits Times. 20 November 1988. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  7. ^ "Contingent code". Archived from the original on 9 January 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ^ "Magazine Sabah 2002". Archived from the original on 27 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ "Magazine Sabah 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original on 17 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19860419&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Testing
  11. ^ Archived National Sports Council Sukma Games Medal Tally
  12. ^ "Sukan Malaysia". Perak State Sport Council.
  13. ^ "Sukan Malaysia". Sabah State Sport Council.
  14. ^ "List of Champions of Sukma". Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  15. ^ "New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 10 September 2026.
  16. ^ "New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 10 September 2026.
  17. ^ "Mascot SUKMA". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  18. ^ "Perak, Johor tuan rumah Sukma 2018, 2020" (in Malay). Sinar Harian. 14 May 2015.
  19. ^ "Sukma 1992 Closed" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  20. ^ "Sukma 1998 Closed" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  21. ^ "Paralimpiad Malaysia". Facebook. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  22. ^ "Para Sukma".
  23. ^ "Malaysia Paralympics Movement" (PDF).
  24. ^ "Paralimpiad Malaysia". Facebook.
  25. ^ "Sukan Malaysia". Perak State Sport Council.
  26. ^ "Sukan Malaysia". Sabah State Sport Council.
  27. ^ "List of Champions of Sukma". Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  28. ^ Abdullah, Mohd Roji Kawi (6 August 2016). "Sukan Paralimpiad Malaysia XVIII bermula (Malaysian Paralympiad Games XVIII begins)". Berita Harian (BHarian Online). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  29. ^ "Sukan Paralimpiad Malaysia bakal jadi tumpuan (Malaysian Paralympiad Games will be the spotlight)". www.utusanborneo.com.my (in Malay). 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  30. ^ "Sarawak's 12th title, buoyed by swimmers". Borneo Post. 12 August 2016.
  31. ^ "Masyarakat Perlu Contohi Kesungguhan Atlet PARA SUKMA". Perak State Government. 28 November 2018.
  32. ^ Helmi Talkah (6 November 2022). "Zikri, Nur Jannaton atlet terbaik Para SUKMA 2022". Berita Harian.
  33. ^ "SOPMA Venue list". msdeaf.org.my.
[edit]