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Zond 1

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Zond 1
The Russian Zond 1
NamesZond 3MV-1 No. 4
Mission typeVenus lander
OperatorOKB-1
COSPAR ID1964-016D Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.00785
Mission duration1 month and 21 days
Spacecraft properties
Bus3MV-1
Launch mass948 kg (2,090 lb)
Dry mass290 kilograms (640 lb)
Dimensions3.6 m (12 ft) tall
1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) diameter
Start of mission
Launch dateApril 2, 1964, 02:42:40; 62 years ago (April 2, 1964, 02:42:40)
RocketMolniya 8K78M
Launch siteBaikonur LC-1/5
End of mission
Last contactMay 24, 1964 (1964-05-24)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemHeliocentric
Perihelion altitude0.652 AU
Aphelion altitude1.001 AU
Inclination3.7°
Period274 days
Flyby of Venus
Closest approachJuly 19, 1964
Distance100,000 km (62,000 mi)
← program started
Zond 2 →

Zond 1 was a spacecraft of the Soviet Zond program. It was the second Soviet research spacecraft to reach Venus, although communications had failed by that time. It carried a 90-centimetre (35 in) spherical landing capsule, containing experiments for chemical analysis of the atmosphere, gamma-ray measurements of surface rocks, a photometer, temperature and pressure gauges, and a motion/rocking sensor in case it landed in water. An experimental Ion thruster was also carried for evaluation.

Spacecraft design

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The Zond-1 was a 3MV design, the second generation inter-planetary Soviet bus, improving over the 2MV design used for previous Mars and Venus missions. However, more importantly, significant advancements were in the 8K78 Molniya launch vehicle whose Block-L (upper stage) had crippled half a dozen interplanetary missions before. The new version of the launch vehicle was named 8K78M Molniya.[1]

On either side of the spacecraft, two solar panels were attached providing a total of about 4 meters squared of surface area. Attached to the ends of the solar panels were hemispherical radiators which provided thermal control to the spacecraft's internal systems. A 2 meter high-gain directional antenna was placed on the anti-sun side. Various low-gain antennas were placed throughout the spacecraft to provide omnidirectional communications capability.[1]

Scientific Instruments

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The spacecraft included scientific instruments on both its bus, which would complete a flyby of Venus, and its lander.[2]

Bus:

Lander:

  • Barometer
  • Thermometer
  • Radiation detector
  • Micro-organism detection experiment
  • Atmospheric composition experiment
  • Acidity measurement experiment
  • Electro-conductivity experiment
  • Luminosity experiment

Mission

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Launch

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The spacecraft, a Venera 3MV-1 No.4, was launched on April 2, 1964, from Tyuratam and this time the launch vehicle performed flawlessly. After the launch, during the spacecraft's first communications session, ground controllers detected a leak that was letting air escape from the pressurized orbital compartment. The orbital compartment housed all of the electronics of the bus which required to be pressurized to function. This was a serious problem as Soviet electronics relied on vacuum tubes which would overheat without cooling air. Using the leak's spin on the spacecraft, the ground crew determined that the leak originated from a bad weld near the quartz window for the probe’s star and Sun sensors and that the orbital compartment would be completely depressurized in just 1 week. 1 Day after launch, the first mid-course correction was completed successfully.[1]

Cruise to Venus

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By April 9th, the pressure was so low that on board sensors could not detect it. The pressurized chamber was required for the main transmitter to provide thermal control and to prevent arcing. To remain in contact with the spacecraft, the ground controllers routed signals though a pair of redundant transmitters on the lander. On May 14th the second mid-course correction occurred but the engine cut off prematurely, only completing 30m/s of change in velocity out of the designed 50m/s. This meant that the spacecraft would still miss Venus by 100,000km. An ill-timed command from ground control turned on its radio system while there was still a rarefied atmosphere inside, causing the electronics to short out by corona discharge.[2] By mid-April, the electronics in the main spacecraft had completely failed and all signal transmission ceased, but communication via the lander could still be performed, and space radiation and atomic-hydrogen spectrometer measurements were received. The experimental ion thruster-based attitude control system were also tested but found to operate erratically, possibly due to the loss of pressure in the electronics compartment.[1] One of the star tracker's glass cover cracked[3], forcing ground controllers to place Zond 1 into a spin-stabilization mode. Communication with the spacecraft could be maintained until mid-June, a full month before the Venus flyby, when the spacecraft would be too far away to receive its signals from the lander's antennas. However, all communications had failed by May 24. It passed 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) from Venus on July 14, 1964[3]. Even if the lander was successfully detached, it would have been crushed at 35km altitude as the conditions on Venus were far harsher than expected.[1]

Chief Designer Sergei Korolev was upset at the failure of the mission and demanded higher quality control from the OKB-1 Bureau, including X-rays to test for pressure leaks.

A similar design of landing capsule was used in Venera 3.[4]

Naming

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Zond missions were presented as engineering tests by the Soviet Union and to an extent at least that may have been the case.[5] Western observers at the time suggested that the name was used as a cover for failed missions in the same manner that Kosmos designations were used for missions that failed to leave Earth orbit.[5] More recently it has been suggested that "Zond" was genuinely the internal program designation for engineering tests but Zond 1 would have been upgraded to Venera had it been more successful.[3][5] Zond 1 was actually the second craft that was meant to carry the Zond name, but its predecessor failed to leave Earth orbit and was designated Kosmos 21.[1][5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Zond 1: The First Lander Sent to Venus". Drew Ex Machina. April 2, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Deep Space Chronicle" (PDF). NASA. June 2002.
  3. ^ a b c "Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration". NASA. 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2026.
  4. ^ Huntress Jr, Wesley T.; Marov, Mikhail Ya (2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer-Praxis. p. 139. ISBN 9781441978974.
  5. ^ a b c d Harvey, Brian (2007). Russian Planetary Exploration History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer-Praxis. pp. 69–72. ISBN 9780387463438.
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Preceded by
None 		Zond program (interplanetary) Succeeded by
Zond 2