Wiki Article
Fulminic acid
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Oxidoazaniumylidynemethane
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| 1071209 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| 772 | |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| HCNO | |
| Molar mass | 43.02 g mol−1 |
| Conjugate base | Fulminate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Fulminic acid is an acid with the formula HCNO, more specifically H−C≡N+−O−. It is an isomer of isocyanic acid (H−N=C=O) and of its elusive tautomer, cyanic acid (H−O−C≡N), and also of isofulminic acid (H−O−N+≡C−).[1]
Fulminate is the anion [C−≡N+−O−] of any of its salts. For historical reasons, the fulminate functional group is understood to be −O−N+≡C− as in isofulminic acid;[2] whereas the group −C≡N+O− is called nitrile oxide.
History
[edit]This chemical was known since the early 1800s through its salts and via the products of reactions in which it was proposed to exist,[3] but the acid itself was not detected until 1966.[1]
Structure
[edit]Fulminic acid was long believed to have a structure of H–O–N+≡C−. It wasn't until the 1966 isolation and analysis of a pure sample of fulminic acid that this structural idea was conclusively disproven.[3] The chemical that actually has that structure, isofulminic acid (a tautomer of the actual fulminic acid structure) was eventually detected in 1988.[3]
A 1967 microwave spectroscopy study described fulminic acid as linear, with the following bond-lengths: C–H: 1.027(1) Å, C–N: 1.161(15) Å, N–O: 1.207(15) Å.[4] This predicted C–H bond length is unusually short, likely an artifact of the linear fit.[3]: 854 [5]: 24110 The molecule has a very low barrier to H–C–N bond angle flexion, making it difficult to ascertain whether its ground state is linear or slightly bent. It has variously been described as quasilinear[3]: 854 (minimum-energy bent but with a sufficiently low barrier to linearization that its rovibrational spectrum has characteristics similar to that of a linear molecule) and quasibent (minimum-energy linear but with a sufficiently low barrier to bending that zero-point fluctuations yield a rovibrational spectrum with characteristics similar to that of a bent molecule).[5][6] Accurately modeling its structure using quantum chemical computations has proven similarly challenging.[3]: 854
Synthesis
[edit]A convenient synthesis involves flash pyrolysis of certain oximes. In contrast to earlier syntheses, this method avoids the use of highly explosive metal fulminates.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Beck, W.; Feldl, K. (1966). "The Structure of Fulminic Acid, HCNO". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 5 (8): 722–723. doi:10.1002/anie.196607221.
- ^ Wentrup, Curt; Gerecht, Bernd; Laqua, Dieter; Briehl, Horst; Winter, Hans Wilhelm; Reisenauer, Hans Peter; Winnewisser, Manfred (1981). "Organic fulminates, R-O-NC". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 46 (5): 1046–1048. doi:10.1021/jo00318a050.
- ^ a b c d e f Kurzer, Frederick (2000). "Fulminic Acid in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 77 (7): 851–857. Bibcode:2000JChEd..77..851K. doi:10.1021/ed077p851.
- ^ Winnewisser, Manfred; Bodenseh, Hans Karl (1967). "Mikrowellenspektrum, Struktur und l-Typ-Dublett-Aufspaltung der HCNO (Knallsäure)" [Microwave spectrum, structure, and l-type-doublet splitting of HCNO (fulminic acid)]. Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 22a (11): 1724–1737. Bibcode:1967ZNatA..22.1724W. doi:10.1515/zna-1967-1109. S2CID 96725880.
- ^ a b Allen, Ashley M.; Olive, Laura N.; Gonzalez Franco, Patricia A.; Barua, Shiblee R.; Allen, Wesley D.; Schaefer, Henry F. (2024). "Fulminic acid: a quasibent spectacle". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 26 (36): 24109–24125. doi:10.1039/d4cp02700k.
- ^ Farnell, Leslie; Nobes, Ross H.; Radom, Leo (June 1982). "A theoretical consideration of the quasi-bent nature of the HCNO molecule". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 93 (2): 271–280. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(82)90167-9.
- ^ Wentrup, Curt; Gerecht, Bernd; Horst, Briehl (1979). "A New Synthesis of Fulminic Acid". Angew. Chem. 18 (6): 467–468. doi:10.1002/anie.197904671.
