Kinh tế học xã hội chủ nghĩa

Kinh tế học xã hội chủ nghĩa bao gồm các lý thuyết, thực tiễn và chuẩn mực kinh tế của các hệ thống kinh tế xã hội chủ nghĩa giả định và hiện có.^[1] Hệ thống kinh tế xã hội chủ nghĩa được đặc trưng bởi xã hội hóa và hoạt động của tư liệu sản xuất,^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]} có thể dưới hình thức hợp tác xã tự trị hoặc sở hữu nhà nước trực tiếp, trong đó sản xuất được thực hiện trực tiếp để sử dụng hơn là vì lợi nhuận.^{[8][9][10][11]} Hệ thống xã hội chủ nghĩa sử dụng thị trường capital good và các yếu tố sản xuất giữa các đơn vị kinh tế được gọi là chủ nghĩa xã hội thị trường. Khi kế hoạch được sử dụng, hệ thống kinh tế được chỉ định là nền kinh tế kế hoạch xã hội chủ nghĩa. Các hình thức phi thị trường của chủ nghĩa xã hội thường bao gồm một hệ thống kế toán dựa trên tính toán bằng hiện vật để định giá tài nguyên và hàng hóa.^[12][13]

Tham khảo

1. Lerner, A. P. (tháng 10 năm 1938). “Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics”. The Review of Economic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6 (1): 71–75. doi:10.2307/2967541. JSTOR 2967541.
2. Sinclair, Upton (1918). Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
3. Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. tr. 2. ISBN 978-0275968861. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
4. Rosser, J. Barkley Jr.; Rosser, Mariana V. (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. tr. 53. ISBN 978-0262182348. Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
5. Nove, Alec (2008). “Socialism”. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. tr. 1–18. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
6. Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."
7. Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. tr. 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
8. Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.
9. Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0415919665. "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. [...] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. [...] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. [...] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. [...] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""
10. Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. tr. 175–77. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
11. Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. tr. 20. ISBN 978-0804775663. [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
12. Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0415919665.
13. Socialist Party of Great Britain. “Socialism and Calculation” (PDF). World Socialist Movement. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 7 tháng 6 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 2 năm 2010.