És un peix marí i batidemersal que viu entre 60 i 910 m de fondària[11] (normalment, entre 107 i 179) i entre les latituds 53°N-41°S i 93°W-14°E.[6][12]
↑Günther, A., 1887. Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57): i-lxv + 1-268, Pls. 1-66.
↑Goode, G. B. & T. H. Bean, 1896. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Spec. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum Núm. 2: Text: i-xxxv + 1-26 + 1-553, Atlas: i-xxiii, 1-26, 123 pls.
↑Figueiredo, J.L. de, A.P. dos Santos, N. Yamaguti, R.A. Bernardes i C.L. Del Bianco Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2002. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com Rede de Meia-Água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; Imprensa Oficial do Estado, 242 p.
↑Sanches, J.G., 1991. Catálogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guiné-Bissau. Publicações avulsas do I.N.I.P. Núm. 16. 429 p.
↑Rohr, B.A. i Gutherz, E.J., 1977. Biology of offshore hake, Merluccius albidus, in the gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 75(1):147-158.
↑Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
↑Figueiredo, J.L. de, A.P. dos Santos, N. Yamaguti, R.A. Bernardes i C.L. Del Bianco Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2002.
↑Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.
↑Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
↑Figueiredo, J.L. i N.A. Menezes, 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Brasil. 90 p.
↑Claro, R. i L.R. Parenti, 2001. The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. A: Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman i L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC i Londres. 253 p.
↑Mejía, L.S., A. Acero P., A. Roa i L. Saavedra, 2001. Review of the fishes of the genus Synagrops from the tropical Western Atlantic (Perciformes: Acropomatidae). Caribb. J. Sci. 37(3-4):202-209.
↑Muto, E.Y., M.H.C. da Silva, G.R. Vera, S.S.M. Leite, D.G. Navarro i C.L.D.B. Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2005. Alimentaçao e relações tróficas de peixes demersais da plataforma continental externa e talude superior da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Oceanográfico USP.
↑Ramjohn, D.D. 1999. Checklist of coastal and marine fishes of Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Fishery Analysis Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Trinitat i Tobago. Fisheries Information Series 8, 151 p.
↑Uyeno, T., K. Matsuura i E. Fujii (eds.), 1983. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center, Tòquio (Japó). 519 p.
↑Vakily, J.M., 1994. Sierra Leone Fishery Surveys Database System (FisDas). Vol. 1 User manual; vol. 2 Technical Reference Handbook, IMBO, Freetown/ ICLARM, Manila, Filipines.
Divisió de Peixos de la Smithsonian Institution. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del Museu Nacional d'Història Natural (en anglès). Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
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Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
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