Són peixos veloços que neden en moles, la qual cosa els representa diversos beneficis: confon els depredadors, afavoreix l'adquisició d'aliment i augmenten les possibilitats de supervivència dels ous, ja que poden reproduir-se de forma simultània.[4]
↑Axelrod H., Burgess W., Emmens C., Pranek N., Walls J., Hunziker R. (1992): Mini-Atlas de Peces de Acuario de Agua Dulce. Barcelona.
↑Géry, J. 1959. Contributions a L'Etude des Poissons Characoides (Ostariophysi). (IV). Nouvelles espèces de Guyane Française du genre Hemigrammus (Tetragonopterinae) avec une liste critique des formes recensees. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (núm. 8): 248-260.
↑Durbin, M. L. 1909. Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report Núm.. 2. A new genus and twelve new species of tetragonopterid characins. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (núm. 1): 55-72.
↑Eigenmann, C. H. & Henn, A. W. 1914. On new species of fishes from Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. No. 140). Indiana University Studies Núm. 24: 231-234.
↑ 8,08,18,28,3Steindachner, F. 1882. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Südamerika's (IV). Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 19 (núm. 19): 175-180.
↑Géry, J. & Mahnert, V. 1986. A new rummy-nose tetra from the Rio Negro, Brazil: Hemigrammus bleheri n. sp. (Characidae, Tetragonopterinae), with comments on Paracheirodon. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 34 (núm. 11): 37, 40-41, 44-45, 48-49, 52.
↑Géry, J. 1959. Contributions a L'Etude des Poissons Characoides (Ostariophysi). (IV). Nouvelles espèces de Guyane Française du genre Hemigrammus (Tetragonopterinae) avec une liste critique des formes recensees. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (núm. 8): 248-260.
↑Ellis, M. D. 1911. On the species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hemigrammus collected by J. D. Haseman for the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (núm. 1, art. 2): 148-163, Pls. 1-3.
↑ 12,012,1Eigenmann, C. H. 1908. Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoölogical Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition.). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6): 91-106.
↑Eigenmann, C. H. 1918. The American Characidae [Part 2]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2): 103-208, 9-11, 13, 17-29, 33, 78-80, 93.
↑ 14,014,114,2Durbin, M. L. 1909. Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report Núm. 2. A new genus and twelve new species of tetragonopterid characins. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (núm. 1): 55-72.
↑ 15,015,1Durbin, M. L. 1909. Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report No. 2. A new genus and twelve new species of tetragonopterid characins. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (núm. 1): 55-72.
↑Meinken, H. 1958. Mitteilungen der Fischbestimmungsstelle des VDA, XXX. Hemigrammus ocellifer ocellifer Steindachner und Hemigrammus ocellifer falsus n. subsp. Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 11 (no. 8): 230-232.
↑Lütken, C. F. 1875. Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus collectae, secundum characteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Overs. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (núm. 3): 127-143.
↑Géry, J. 1959. Contributions a L'Etude des Poissons Characoides (Ostariophysi). (IV). Nouvelles espèces de Guyane Française du genre Hemigrammus (Tetragonopterinae) avec une liste critique des formes recensees. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8): 248-260.
↑ 21,021,1Eigenmann, C. H. 1918. The American Characidae (Part 2). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2): 103-208, 9-11, 13, 17-29, 33, 78-80, 93.
↑Géry, J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna v. 4 (núm. 1): 1-44.
↑Eigenmann, C. H. 1918. The American Characidae [Part 2]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2): 103-208, 9-11, 13, 17-29, 33, 78-80, 93.
↑Ellis, M. D. 1911. On the species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hemigrammus collected by J. D. Haseman for the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (núm. 1, art. 2): 148-163, Pls. 1-3.
↑Eigenmann, C. H. 1918. The American Characidae [Part 2]. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 43 (pt 2): 103-208, 9-11, 13, 17-29, 33, 78-80, 93.
↑Fowler, H. W. 1932. Zoological results of the Matto Grosso Expedition to Brazil in 1931,--I. Fresh water fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 84: 343-377.
↑Fowler, H. W. 1945. Descriptions of seven new fresh-water fishes from Peru. Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 159: 1-11.
↑Fowler, H. W. 1913. Fishes from the Madeira River, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65: 517-579.
↑ 30,030,1Eigenmann, C. H. & Ogle, F. 1907. An annotated list of characin fishes in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Indiana University, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (núm. 1556): 1-36.
↑Böhlke, J. E. 1955. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae.--Núm. 8. The description of a new Hemigrammus from the Rio Negro of Brazil. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science v. 58 (núm. 1): 229-236.
↑Zarske, A. & J. Géry 2002. Hemigrammus neptunus sp. n. - eine neue Salmler-Art (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem Einzugsgebiet des Río Manuripi in Bolivien (Departamento Pando). Zool. Abh., Staat. Mus. Tierk. Dresden No. 52: 23-34.
↑Zarske, A., Le Bail, P.-Y. & Géry, J. 2006. New and poorly known Characiform fish from French Guiana. 1. Two new Tetras of the genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen, 55: 17-30.
↑Durbin, M. L. 1909. Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report No. 2. A new genus and twelve new species of tetragonopterid characins. Ann. Carnegie Mus. v. 6 (núm. 1): 55-72.
↑Marinho, M.M.F., Carvalho, F.R., Langeani, F. & Tatsumi, F.L. 2008. A new Hemigrammus Gill from upper rio Parana system, Southeastern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 1724: 52-60.
↑Géry, J. 1965. Poissons characoïdes sud-américains du Senckenberg Muséum, II. Characidae et Crenuchidae de l'Igarapé Préto (Haute Amazonie). Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (núm. 1): 11-45, Pls. 1-4.
↑Ladiges, W. 1938. Drei neue Fische der Gattungen Hyphessobrycon und Hemigrammus aus dem peruanischen Teil des Amazonas. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 124 (nos. 3-4): 49-52.
↑Ahl, E. 1924. Ueber eine farbenprächtige Neuheit, Hemigrammus rhodostomus E. Ahl. sp. n. Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 21 (núm. 18): 405.
↑Britski, H.A. & Lima, F.C.T. 2008. A New Species of Hemigrammus from the Upper Rio Tapajós Basin in Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2008 (3): 565-569.
↑Benine R.C. & Lopes G.A.M. 2007. A new species of Hemigrammus Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from Río Caura, Venezuela. Zootaxa 1610: 53–59.
↑Boulenger, G. A. 1895. (Abstract of a report on a large collection of fishes formed by Dr. C. Ternetz in Matto Grosso and Paraguay, with descriptions of new species). Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3): 523-529.
↑Gill, T. N. 1858. Synopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of Trinidad, W. I. Annals of the Lycium of Natural History of New York v. 6 (núms. 10-13): 363-430.
↑Géry, J. 1963. Three new tetras from the upper Rio Negro near Tapurucuara. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 12 (núm. 3): 9-15, 57-63.
Böhlke, J. E. 1955: Studies on fishes of the family Characidae.--Núm. 8. The description of a new Hemigrammus from the Rio Negro of Brazil. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science v. 58 (núm. 1): 229-236.
Fowler, H. W. 1943: Description of a new South American characin referred to Hemigrammus. The Fish Culturist v. 22 (núm. 5): 33-34.
Géry, J. 1959: Contributions a L'Etude des Poissons Characoides (Ostariophysi). (IV). Nouvelles espèces de Guyane Française du genre Hemigrammus (Tetragonopterinae) avec une liste critique des formes recensees. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (núm. 8): 248-260.
Ladiges, W. 1938: Drei neue Fische der Gattungen Hyphessobrycon und Hemigrammus aus dem peruanischen Teil des Amazonas. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 124 (núms. 3-4): 49-52.
López H., Miquelarena A. (2006): Biogeografía de los peces continentales de l'Argentina.
Marinho, M. M. F., F. R. Carvalho, F. Langeani i F. L. Tatsumi 2008: A new Hemigrammus Gill from upper Paraná system, southeastern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa Núm. 1724: 52-60.
Moyle, P.; Cech, J. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology (en anglès). 4a edició. Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN 9780130112828.