Cos allargat (de 46 cm de llargària màxima en l'espècie més grossa -Apodichthys flavidus-), comprimit i recobert d'escates cicloides molt petites i amb mucositat.
Coloració críptica, la qual va del groc i el marró al vermell o el verd, sovint amb taques i franges.
↑Makushok, V. M., 1958. The morphology and classification of the northern blennioid fishes
(Stichaeidae, Blennioidei, Pisces). Trudy Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR. V. 25: 3–129. (En rus. Traducció anglesa d'A. R. Gosline i W. A. Gosline, Ichthyological Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. National Museum, Washington DC, 1959. 1–105).
↑Coleman, R. M., 1999. Parental care in intertidal fishes. P. 165-180. A: M. H. Horn, K. L. Martin i M. A. Chotkowski (eds.). Intertidal fishes: life in two worlds. Academic Press, els Estats Units. 399 p.
↑Bowman, R. E., C. E. Stillwell, W. L. Michaels i M. D. Grosslein, 2000. Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p.
↑ Bruce, J.R., J.S. Colman i N.S. Jones (1963). Marine fauna of the Isle of Man. Memoir Núm. 36. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, Gran Bretanya.
↑Hanel, L., Plíštil, J. & Novák, J., 2009. Checklist of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates on the European continent and adjacent seas. Bull. Lampetra, ZO čSOP Vlašim, 6: 108-180.
↑Collette, B. B. i G. Klein-MacPhee (eds.), 2002. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Tercera edició. Caldwell, Nova Jersey: Blackburn Press, 577 p.: ill.; 27 cm.
↑Coull, K.A., A.S. Jermyn, A.W. Newton, G.I. Henderson i W.B. Hall, 1989. Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North Atlantic. Scottish Fish. Res. Rep. (43):80 p.
↑Koli, L., 1990. Suomen kalat (Peixos de Finlàndia). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Hèlsinki. 357 p. (en finès).
↑Lazzari, M. A., 2001. Dynamics of larval fish abundance in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Fish. Bull. 99(1):81-93.
↑ Louisy, P., 2001. Guide d'identification des poissons marins. Europe et Méditerranée. París: Eds. Eugène Ulmer.
↑Makushok, V. M., 1979. Pholidae. P. 534-535. A: J.C. Hureau i Th. Monod (eds.). Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, París. Vol. 1.
↑Makushok, V. M., 1986. Pholididae. P. 1124-1125. A: P. J. P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen i E. Tortonese (eds.). Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, París. Vol. 3.
↑Minchin, D., 1987. Fishes of the Lough Hyne marine reserve. J. Fish Biol. 31:343-352.
↑Moring, J. R., 1990. Seasonal absence of fishes in tidepools of a boreal environment (Maine, USA). Hydrobiologia 194(2):163-168.
↑ Muus, B. i P. Dahlström, 1978. Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Múnic. 244 p.
↑Muus, B., F. Salomonsen i C. Vibe, 1990. Grønlands fauna (Fisk, Fugle, Pattedyr). Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S København, 464 p. (en danès).
↑ Muus, B.J. i J.G. Nielsen, 1999. Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Dinamarca. 340 p.
↑ Muus, B.J. i P. Dahlstrøm, 1989. Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (en danès).
↑Nielsen, J. G. i E. Bertelsen, 1992. Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.
↑Nijssen, H. i S.J. de Groot, 1974. Catalogue of fish species of the Netherlands. Beaufortia 21(285):173-207.
↑Ojaveer, E. i E. Pihu, 2003. Estonian natural fish waters. P. 15-27. A: E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu i T. Saat (eds.). Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.
↑Ojaveer, E., E. Pihu i T. Saat, 2003. Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 416 p.
↑ Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
↑Jensen, A. S., 1942. Contributions to the ichthyofauna of Greenland, 1-3. p. 1-44. A: Skrifter udgivet af Universitetets zoologiske Museum København. II.
↑Rätz, H-J., 1999. Structures and Changes of the Demersal Fish Assemblage off Greenland, 1982-1996. NAFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 32:1-15.
↑ Rogers, S.I. i R.S. Millner, 1996. Factors affecting the annual abundance and regional distribution of English inshore demersal fish populations: 1973 to 1995. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53:1094-1112.
↑Rogers, S. I., D. Maxwell, A. D. Rijnsdorp, U. Damm i W. Vanheed, 1999. Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. IV. Can comparisons of species diversity be used to assess human impacts on demersal fish faunas?. Fish. Res. 40 (1999) 135-152.
↑Russell, F.S., 1976. The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. Academic Press, Londres, la Gran Bretanya. 524 p.
↑ Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.
↑ Thiel, R., H. Cabral i M.J. Costa, 2003. Composition, temporal changes and ecological guild classification of the ichthyofaunas of large European estuaries - a comparison between the Tagus (Portugal) and the Elbe (Germany). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(5):330-342.
↑ Went, A.E.J., 1957. List of Irish fishes. Department of Lands, Fisheries Division, Dublín. 31 p.
↑ Wheeler, A., 1992. A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles. J. Fish Biol. 41(1):1-37.
↑Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin i H. Jespersen, 2000. Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea. ICES CM 2000/Mini:11, 15 p.
↑ Andriyashev, A.P. i N.V. Chernova, 1995. Annotated list of fishlike vertebrates and fish of the arctic seas and adjacent waters. J. Ichthyol. 35(1):81-123.
↑Dolgov, A. V., 2000. New data on composition and distribution of the Barents Sea ichthyofauna. ICES CM2000/Mini:12, 12p.
↑Coad, B.W. i J.D. Reist, 2004. Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674:iv:+112 p.
↑Evermann, B. W. i E. L. Goldsborough, 1907. The fishes of Alaska. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 26: 219-360.
↑ McAllister, D. E., V. Legendre i J. G. Hunter, 1987. Liste de noms inuktitut (esquimaux), français, anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du Canada arctique. Rapp. Manus. Can. Sci. Halieut. Aquat, 1932,106 p.
↑Mecklenburg, C. W., T. A. Mecklenburg i L. K. Thorsteinson, 2002. Fishes of Alaska. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. xxxvii +1037 p.
↑Quast, J. C. i E. L. Hall, 1972. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-658, 47 p.
↑Nazarkin, M. V., 2002. Gunnels (Perciformes, Pholidae) from the Miocene of Sakhaline Island. Voprosy Ikhtiologii. V. 42 (núm. 3): 304-313. (En rus. Traducció a l'anglès a J. Ichthyol. V. 42 (núm. 4): 279–288.
↑Kim, Y.-H., B. S. Jeon i Y. J. Kang, 2000. Seasonal variation in species composition of fish in Suyoung Bay, Korea. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 33(4):320-324.
↑Huh, S. H. i Y. R. An, 2000. Species composition and seasonal variation of fish assemblage in the coastal water off Gadeok-do, Korea. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 33(4):288-301.
↑An, Y. R. i S.H. Huh, 2002. Species composition and seasonal variation of fish assemblage in the coastal water off Gadeok-do, Korea. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 35(6):715-722.
↑Cho, S.-H., J.-G. Myoung, J.-M. Kim i J.H. Lee, 2001. Fish fauna associated with drifting seaweed in the coastal area of Tongyeong, Korea. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 130(6):1190-1202.
↑ Clemens, W. A. i G. V. Wilby, 1961. Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. Segona edició. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. (68):443 p.
↑ Fedorov, V. V., I. A. Chereshnev, M. V. Nazarkin, A. V. Shestakov i V. V. Volobuev, 2003. Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p.
↑Fitch, J. E. i R. J. Lavenberg, 1975. Tidepool and nearshore fishes of California. California Natural History Guides:38. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Califòrnia. 156 p. «Enllaç».
↑Goodson, G., 1988. Fishes of the Pacific coast. Alaska to Peru including the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Califòrnia. 267 p.
↑ Hart, J. L., 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p.
↑Kanou, K., M. Sano i H. Kohno, 2004. Food habits of fishes on unvegetated tidal mudflats in Tokyo Bay, central Japan. Fish. Sci. 70(6):978-987.
↑ Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim i J.H. Kim, 2005. Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Pub Co. Seül, Corea del Sud. 615 p.
↑Lamb, A. i P. Edgell, 1986. Coastal fishes of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., la Colúmbia Britànica, el Canadà. 224 p.
↑Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, el Japó. 437 p.
↑Matarese, A. C., A. W. Kendall, D. M. Blood i M. V. Vinter, 1989. Laboratory guide to early life history stages of Northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 80:1-652.
↑ Nakabo, T., 2002. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Edició en anglès II. Tokai University Press, el Japó, pp. 867-1749.
↑ Nóvikov, N. P.; Sokolovski, A. S.; Sokolóvskaia, T. G.; Iàkovlev, I. M., 2002. The fishes of Primorye. Vladivostok, Far Eastern State Tech. Fish. Univ., 552 p.
↑Safran, P. i M. Omori, 1990. Some ecological observations on fishes associated with drifting seaweed off Tohoku coast, Japan. Mar. Biol. 105:395-402.
↑Sokolovskaya, T. G., A. S. Sokolovskii i E. I. Sobolevskii, 1998. A list of fishes of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan). J. Ichthyol. 38(1):1-11.
↑Yoshiyama, R. M., C. Sassaman i R. N. Lea, 1986. Rocky intertidal fish communities of California: temporal and spatial variation. Environ. Biol. Fish. 17(1):23-40.
↑ Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
↑ Robins, C. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea i W. B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
↑ Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
↑ Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
↑McAllister, D. E., 1990. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus Núm. 64. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ottawa, Canadà. 310 p.
↑ 76,076,176,2Girard C. F., 1854. Observations upon a collection of fishes made on the Pacific coast of the United States, by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, U. S. A., for the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 7. 142-156.
↑Jordan, D. S. & C. H. Gilbert, 1880. Descriptions of new species of Xiphister and Apodichthys, from Monterey, California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum V. 3 (núm. 130): 135-140.
↑Gilbert, C. H., 1897. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the steamer Albatross, of the United States Fish Commission. Proceedings of the United States National Museum V. 19 (núm. 1115): 437-457, Pls. 49-55.
↑Scopoli J. A., 1777. Introductio ad historiam naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Praga. Introd. Hist. Nat.. i-x + 1-506.
↑Rosenblatt, R. H., 1964. A new gunnel, Pholis clemensi, from the coast of western North America. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada v. 21 (núm. 5): 933-939.
↑ 81,081,1Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H., 1845. Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium quae in itinere per Japoniam ... Parts 7-9: 113-172, Pls. 1-143 + A.
↑Wang, K. F. & Wang, S.-C., 1935. Study of the teleost fishes of coastal region of Shantung III. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. (Zoological Series) v. 11 (núm. 6): 165-237.
↑Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G., 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae.: i-lx + 1-584, Pls. 1-110.
↑Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
↑Gunnarsson, Á i K. Gunnarsson, 2002. Temperature effects on growth and maturity of butterfish (Pholis gunnellus) in Iceland. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 82(5):903-906.
↑Cope, E. D., 1873. A contribution to the ichthyology of Alaska. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 13: 24-32.
↑Peden, A. E. & Hughes, G. W., 1984. Distribution, morphological variation, and systematic relationship of Pholis laeta and Pholis ornata (Pisces: Pholididae) with a description of the related form Pholis nea n. sp. Canadian Journal of Zoology v. 62 (núm. 2): 291-305.
↑Kner, R., 1868. Über neue Fische aus dem Museum der Herren Johann Cäsar Godeffroy & Sohn in Hamburg. (IV. Folge). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 58 (núms. 1-2): 26-31.
↑Schultz, L. P., 1931. Key to the fishes of Oregon and Washington, with a glossary of technical terms. University Bookstore, Seattle, Washington. Key to the fishes of Oregon and Washington, with a glossary of technical terms.: 1-63.
↑Jordan D. S. & Evermann B. W., 1896. A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle America. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. v. 21 (1895) Append. 5. 207-584.
↑Pallas, P. S., 1814. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum. 3 vols. (1811-1814). Petropoli. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica v. 3: i-vii + 1-428 + index (I-CXXV), Pls. 1, 13, 14, 15, 20 and 21.
Anònim, 2000. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica.
Divisió de Peixos de la Smithsonian Institution. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del Museu Nacional d'Història Natural (en anglès). Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
Evans, D. H., J. B. Claiborne i G. A. Kormanik, 1999. Osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and nitrogen excretion. P. 79-96. A: M. H. Horn, K. L. M. Martin i M. A. Chotkowski (eds.). Intertidal fishes live in two worlds. Academic Press, San Diego, els Estats Units, 399 p.
Froese, R. i C. Binohlan, 2003. Simple methods to obtain preliminary growth estimates for fishes. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(6):376-379.
Froese, R. i C. Papasissi, 1990. The use of modern relational databases for identification of fish larvae. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 6:37-45.
Grabda, E. i T. Heese, 1991. Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Polònia. 171 pàgines.
Jeddore, R. (ed.), 1976. Labrador Inuit. Uqausingit. Labrador Inuit Committee on Literacy. Department of Education, St. John's, Terranova. 217 pp.
Kaur, D. i M. D. C. Srivastava, 1965. The structure and behaviour of chromosome in five freshwater teleosts. Caryologia 18:181-191.
Makino, S., 1937. Notes on the chromosomes of some teleost fishes. Zool. Mag. 49:75-76. Tòquio.
Martin, K. L. M. i C. R. Bridges, 1999. Respiration in water and air. P. 54-78. A: M.H. Horn, K.L.M. Martin i M.A. Chotkowski (eds.) Intertidal fishes. Life in two worlds. Academic Press. 399 p.
Nigrelli, R. F., 1959. Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. P. 212-230. A: G. E. W. Wolstehnolmen i M. O'Connor (eds.). Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, Londres.
Perlmutter, A., 1961. Guide to marine fishes. Bramhall House, Nova York. 431 p.
Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
Schultz-Lorentzen, X., 1927. Dictionary of the West Greenland Eskimo language. Medd. Om Grønland 69:1-303.